{"id":440,"date":"2017-05-10T09:10:22","date_gmt":"2017-05-10T14:10:22","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/commons.trincoll.edu\/amst-queer-america\/?p=440"},"modified":"2017-05-10T09:10:49","modified_gmt":"2017-05-10T14:10:49","slug":"barbara-gittings-and-kay-lahusen-final-research-paper-slides-for-lgbtq-historic-site","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/commons.trincoll.edu\/amst-queer-america\/2017\/05\/10\/barbara-gittings-and-kay-lahusen-final-research-paper-slides-for-lgbtq-historic-site\/","title":{"rendered":"Barbara Gittings and Kay Lahusen Final Research Paper &amp; Slides for LGBTQ Historic Site."},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Barbara Gittings and Kay Tobin Lahusen&#8217;s Lesbian Activism<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/www.slideshare.net\/slideshow\/embed_code\/key\/xAAh62wWLvXUhy\" width=\"427\" height=\"356\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0\" marginheight=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" style=\"border:1px solid #CCC; border-width:1px; margin-bottom:5px; max-width: 100%;\" allowfullscreen> <\/iframe> <\/p>\n<div style=\"margin-bottom:5px\"> <strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.slideshare.net\/PedroBonilla24\/barbara-gittings-and-kay-lahusen\" title=\"Barbara Gittings and Kay Lahusen \" target=\"_blank\">Barbara Gittings and Kay Lahusen <\/a> <\/strong> from <strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.slideshare.net\/PedroBonilla24\">Pedro Bonilla<\/a><\/strong> <\/div>\n<p>Pedro Bonilla<\/p>\n<p>Queer America<\/p>\n<p>Professor Gieseking<\/p>\n<p>10 May 2017<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong><em>Site: <\/em><\/strong><em>Barbara Gittings and Kay Lahusen home, 21st and Locust Streets, Philadelphia, PA. <\/em><\/p>\n<p>\u201cAs a teenager, I had to struggle alone to learn about myself and what it meant to be gay. \u00a0Now for [48] years I\u2019ve had the satisfaction of working with other gay people all across the country to get the bigots off our backs, to oil the closet door hinges, to change prejudiced hearts and minds, and to show the gay love is good for us and for the rest of the world too. It\u2019s hard work\u2014but it\u2019s vital, and it\u2019s gratifying, and it\u2019s often fun!\u201d \u2013Barbara Gittings<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Introduction of the Site:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong>Barbara Gittings and Kay Tobin Lahusen home is located at 21<sup>st<\/sup> and Locust Streets, Philadelphia, PA. \u00a0This home is eligible to be an LGBTQ historic national site. \u00a0In relations to the criteria for evaluation, this home consists of significance in American history through its association with Barbara Gittings and Kay Tobin Lahusen and with their LGBTQ civil rights movement. \u00a0As well, the integrity of the location, of which it has been dedicated as \u201cBarbara Gittings Way.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>This home has been recognized and honored for Gittings and Lahusen\u2019s gay civil rights advocacy. \u00a0This is the home that both lesbian activists Gittings and Lahusen resided throughout their dedicated years of fighting for LGBTQ equal rights. \u00a0On October 1st of 2012, Philadelphia City Councilman Mark Squilla dedicated Locust Street between 12th and 13th street, of which the home is located at, as \u201cBarbara Gittings Way.\u201d<a href=\"#_ftn1\" name=\"_ftnref1\">[1]<\/a> \u00a0This signified Gittings\u2019 greatest achievements towards American history on positively impacting the LGBTQ community.<\/p>\n<p>The \u201cBarbara Gittings Way\u201d dedication launched an Equality Forum\u2019s LGBT History Month of each day honoring \u201cGay Pioneers,\u201d including her. \u00a0This nonprofit organization coordinates LGBT History Month, documentaries, and education, in relations to LGBT civil rights.<a href=\"#_ftn2\" name=\"_ftnref2\">[2]<\/a> \u00a0The Equality Forum also successfully petitioned the Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission for a historic marker that honors Barbara Gittings, Frank Kameny, and \u201cGay Pioneers\u201d for beginning the LGBTQ civil rights movement in front of Independence Hall and the Liberty Bell, from 1965 to 1969.<a href=\"#_ftn3\" name=\"_ftnref3\">[3]<\/a><\/p>\n<p>In relations to honorary recognition, both Gittings and Lahusen were given dedication with the Matlovich\u2019s plaque in Chicago\u2019s Legacy Walk.<a href=\"#_ftn4\" name=\"_ftnref4\">[4]<\/a> \u00a0This commemorated the twenty-fifth anniversary of National Coming Out Day on October 11th of 2012. \u00a0The Matlovich\u2019s plaque recognized their contributions on LGBTQ individuals by making history and culture.<\/p>\n<p>These dedications serve to introduce Barbara Gittings and Kay Tobin Lahusen\u2019s achievements, of which their lesbian activism took a hard and changing stance on the LGBTQ civil rights movement. \u00a0I discuss their home as their revolutionary accomplishments. \u201c[Gittings] was one of the rare people in the homophile movement\u2014before Stonewall\u2014who took a militant stance\u2026.And she not only took a militant stance, but she was in the forefront,\u201d said David Carter, the author of <em>Stonewall: The Riots That Sparked the Gay Revolution<\/em>.<a href=\"#_ftn5\" name=\"_ftnref5\">[5]<\/a><\/p>\n<p>I propose that Barbara Gittings and Kay Lahusen\u2019s home be made an LGBTQ historic national site. \u00a0Doing so would respectfully recognize and honor their lesbian activism that has influenced the LGBTQ community with empowerment, and changes to institutional oppression. \u00a0Their works are unaware, even by the LGBTQ community, because, as lesbian women, they were considered \u201csecond-class citizens.\u201d I will, therefore, discuss on their greatest achievements to signify the home.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Detailed History of the Site:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong>Barbara Gittings (1932-2007) and Kay Tobin Lahusen (1930- ) were gay civil rights activists for forty-eight years in the United States. \u00a0They were lesbian partners, until Gittings\u2019 death of breast cancer at age 74. \u00a0They resided in Pennsylvania, throughout their many years of fighting against the institutions from and further oppressing LGBTQ individuals.\u00a0 \u00a0Kay Tobin Lahusen is the first openly gay American woman photojournalist, and Barbara Gittings was greatly known as the mother of the LGBTQ civil rights movement. \u00a0Both lesbian women were strongly courageous women who achieved in changing certain institutions from considering homosexuality as a wrongdoing.\u00a0 They also paved the way for LGBTQ individuals to live their lives freely without any sort of stigmas placed on them by institutions that, at the time, would have affiliated them as sexual deviant, mentally-ill, and immoral.<\/p>\n<p>In 1958, Barbara Gittings founded the New York Chapter of the Daughter of Bilitis (DOB) that was a first national organization for lesbians. \u00a0Soon, Gittings became the editor of the DOB\u2019s monthly lesbian magazine called <em>The Ladder<\/em>, and it succeeded from 1963 to 1966. <a href=\"#_ftn6\" name=\"_ftnref6\">[6]<\/a> \u00a0This magazine was a turning point for lesbians, in particular, because Gittings purposefully began to include politics and LGBTQ-related issues, and Lahusen tactically empowered lesbian women through her photography of what a lesbian woman looks like. \u00a0This achievement brought about a national community among lesbians and channeled LGBTQ awareness and advocacy.<\/p>\n<p>Lahusen began her involvement with, what was considered in the pre-Stonewall period, the homophile movement. \u00a0She is responsible for numerous famous pre-Stonewall photographs, depicted in <em>The Ladder<\/em>. \u00a0One of which is Gittings picketing at the second annual Reminder Day picket in front of Independence Hall on July 4th of 1966.<a href=\"#_ftn7\" name=\"_ftnref7\">[7]<\/a> \u00a0This marks a contribution to the lesbian magazine by popularizing it among the lesbian community and demonstrating the essence to fight for LGBTQ civil rights. \u00a0Significantly, Lahusen suggested to Gittings to add the subtitle \u201cA Lesbian Review,\u201d in order to aim a specific audience; in this case, the lesbian community.<a href=\"#_ftn8\" name=\"_ftnref8\">[8]<\/a> \u00a0In 1966, Gittings was dismissed as editor of <em>The Ladder<\/em>. \u00a0The reason used was that she failed to submit the editions on time; however, the primary reason was that she adopted a militant stance, of which she included political activism against the government\u2019s oppression on the LGBTQ community.<a href=\"#_ftn9\" name=\"_ftnref9\">[9]<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Gittings and Lahusen were dedicated activists well before the outburst of the Stonewall Riot in 1969. \u00a0Although many scholars and LGBTQ members would consider the Stonewall Riot to be the start for gay civil rights, the groundbreaking was actually the July 4, 1965 demonstration at Philadelphia\u2019s Independence Hall. \u00a0Barbara Gittings and, professional partner, Frank Kameny led this annual demonstration from 1965 to 1969 in hopes of spreading the awareness of LGBTQ oppression and the need for legal protection under the guise of equality. \u00a0As well, Kay Lahusen contributed her work by photographing the events for the sake of historically recording, what was known as, the homophile movement or the gay civil rights movement.<\/p>\n<p>This marked the gathering of various people from different cities to picket in front of Independence Hall and the liberty bell. And, \u201cthe first time gays and lesbians demanded equality, not just compassion or tolerance.\u201d<a href=\"#_ftn10\" name=\"_ftnref10\">[10]<\/a>\u00a0 During the 1960s, there was nearly 200 gay activists and 40 picketed at Independence Hall in 1965, which is seen as the largest demonstration for gay equality at the time, said Malcolm Lazin, chair of the National LGBT 50th Anniversary Celebration.<a href=\"#_ftn11\" name=\"_ftnref11\">[11]<\/a>\u00a0 Hence, Gittings initiative with the picketing became an idol in the essence to fight for equality, not just tolerance.\u00a0 Along with Kameny, she was able to help people realize the need to change the institution, including the usage of <em>The Ladder<\/em>, channeling the annual reminders to the lesbian readers.<\/p>\n<p>During the early 1970s, one of the institutions that both Gittings and Lahusen lobbied was the American Library Association (ALA) from no longer categorizing homosexuality as sexual perversion, and enforcing the production of gay positive literature. \u00a0Gittings was not a librarian, yet she joined the, already established organization, Gay Liberation Task Force (GLTF) and served as the coordinator for sixteen years.<a href=\"#_ftn12\" name=\"_ftnref12\">[12]<\/a> \u00a0She was responsible for the creation of a first ever gay bibliography, along with members from the GLTF.<\/p>\n<p>Gittings had her committee (GLTF) release newsletters about their mission\u2014homosexuality no longer categorized as sexual perversion\u2014and produced short write-ups about their activities in making their voice heard, of which they always included the following quotation: \u201cCatalog librarians declare that 15 million gay Americans refuse to be called Sexual Aberrations.\u201d<a href=\"#_ftn13\" name=\"_ftnref13\">[13]<\/a> \u00a0One of the successful activities that made their mission heard by the ALA was the \u201cHug A Homosexual\u201d booth at 1971 ALA annual conference in Dallas.<a href=\"#_ftn14\" name=\"_ftnref14\">[14]<\/a> \u00a0This tactic was to make homosexuals visible and to demonstrate that they are harmful and just as human as any heterosexual. \u00a0As a result, \u201cIn the last days of the conference, we got both the Council (the elected policy-making body of ALA) and the general membership to pass our gay resolution.\u201d<a href=\"#_ftn15\" name=\"_ftnref15\">[15]<\/a> \u00a0One of which was opposing employment discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation.<a href=\"#_ftn16\" name=\"_ftnref16\">[16]<\/a><\/p>\n<p>By the fall of 1970, she and the TGFL met and annotated a first ever gay bibliography.\u00a0 \u00a0This collection of literature was called The First Gay Book Award and it was spread in Dallas\u2019 ALA annual conference.\u00a0 There were 4,000 copied made in order to reach the level of recognition.<a href=\"#_ftn17\" name=\"_ftnref17\">[17]<\/a>\u00a0 Once they got the pro-gay resolution, they started to publicize ALA events, in relations to fighting for gay equal rights.\u00a0 Importantly, many areas of expertise such as religion and law required a brief overview of homosexuality; therefore, Gittings and the GLTF conducted categorizations.<\/p>\n<p>Another institution that both lesbian activists fought against was the American Psychiatry Association (APA). \u00a0Their mission was to no longer label homosexuality as a mental disorder under the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM). \u00a0Frank Kameny began this need of institutional change and both Gittings and Lahusen and worked alongside. \u00a0Except for Lahusen, they served as part of the panel in the APA\u2019s 1972 annual conference. \u00a0Successfully, the APA eliminated the notion of homosexuality as a mental disorder in 1987.<\/p>\n<p>Gittings, along with a group of gay activists, disrupted the APA convention in San Francisco, in 1970. \u00a0She accused the profession to be prejudicial against homosexuals and, through her words, she said, \u201cStop talking about us and start talking with us.\u201d<a href=\"#_ftn18\" name=\"_ftnref18\">[18]<\/a> \u00a0This implied that heterosexuals ought not to discuss on the topic of homosexuality when they are not one themselves; therefore, a homosexual is a source to which will serve well over the topic. \u00a0This disruption, as a result, had the APA hold its first ever panel called \u201cLifestyles of Non-Patient Homosexuals\u201d in Washington DC.<\/p>\n<p>Gittings took a further step with her activism and held exhibit, such as \u201cGay Love: Good Medicine\u201d, about homosexuality, at APA annual conferences, to doctors who were trained to think that homosexuality was a disease.<a href=\"#_ftn19\" name=\"_ftnref19\">[19]<\/a>\u00a0 In 1972, both Gittings and Frank Kameny, who publicly declared war on APA, served in the panel in its annual conference in Dallas. \u00a0Importantly, the idea of having a gay psychiatrist speak in the panel was both Gittings and Lahusen\u2019s. \u00a0Gittings was able to persuade John E. Fryer, under the conditions that he would speak in a disguise and be named Dr. Anonymous because, in 1972, one can be dismissed from their profession on the basis of sexual orientation.<a href=\"#_ftn20\" name=\"_ftnref20\">[20]<\/a>\u00a0 Consequently, in 1973, the APA held a convention to vote on the question of whether homosexuality is a mental disorder or not, and the results were as followed: 5, 854 psychiatrists voted to remove it from the DSM and 3, 810 voted to retain it.<a href=\"#_ftn21\" name=\"_ftnref21\">[21]<\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Trends in Literature:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>In this section, I will touch upon trends, in relations to Gittings and Lahusen\u2019s greatest achievements.\u00a0 These trends will serve as knowledge on the basis of emphasizing the importance of their works and reasons towards recognizing and honoring their home, by making it an LGBTQ historic national monument.<\/p>\n<p>In Rodger\u2019s Streitmatter\u2019s <em>Lesbian and Gay Press<\/em>, he connects <em>The Ladder<\/em> as an act of resistance, suggesting it to be considered as a militant magazine.\u00a0 The reason is that it displayed defiance on the dominant social order in the mid-1900s. \u00a0It did so by \u201cpromoting public demonstrations, reporting from a gay perspective and fighting back against the establishment media.\u201d<a href=\"#_ftn22\" name=\"_ftnref22\">[22]<\/a>\u00a0 This form of militant publication encouraged lesbian women to demand equal rights for homosexuals rather than to just be tolerated.\u00a0 Streitmatter also provides an analysis of Gittings and Lahusen\u2019s strategies towards building a unified and vocal lesbian community.\u00a0 One of the strategies was Lahusen\u2019s approach of publishing photographed lesbian women, so that readers have a sense of what lesbian women appeared to be\u2014happy, strong, and diverse.\u00a0 Another strategy, as mentioned, was when Gittings added the subtitle \u201cThe Lesbian Review\u201d to specifically aim the lesbian community.\u00a0 This allowed Gittings to channel political advocacy and LGBTQ related issues, as well as making the word \u201clesbian\u201d no longer unspeakable.<\/p>\n<p>Lesbian activism was the means \u201cto respond to and stop violence against gays and lesbians.\u201d<a href=\"#_ftn23\" name=\"_ftnref23\">[23]<\/a>\u00a0 In Valerie Jenness and Kendal Broad\u2019s <em>Antiviolence Activism and the (In) Visibility of Gender in the Gay\/Lesbian and Women\u2019s Movement<\/em>, both writers make a connection of gay-lesbian activism with the concept of feminists uncovering the amount of sexual abuse of women.\u00a0 They signify the need of data record, which serves as a guide towards uncovering fact and will serve as the realism of abuse imposed on the LGBTQ community.\u00a0 Jenness and Broad mention that gay-lesbian activism is prevalent because of the high number of unreported hate crimes.\u00a0 They also mention that violence imposed on homosexuals is the essence of gay-lesbian activism in sponsoring anti-violence projects, in order to protect people from violence \u201cwhile simultaneously attempting to change the conditions that lead to such violence.\u201d<a href=\"#_ftn24\" name=\"_ftnref24\">[24]<\/a>\u00a0 In regards to Gittings and Lahusen\u2019s lesbian activism, the tactic, the advocacy, and the public education campaigns are all acts of committing antiviolence activism, which allowed them to peacefully lobby the ALA and APA.<\/p>\n<p>Significantly, Gittings and Lahusen were independent women who worked to fight for LGBTQ civil rights, while educating the lesbian community about homosexuality and their rights.\u00a0 In Lenelotte von Bothmer and Michel Vale\u2019s <em>Women and Politics<\/em>, they provide an understanding of \u201cA woman\u2019s situation in politics [as] a peculiar kind of isolation.\u201d <a href=\"#_ftn25\" name=\"_ftnref25\">[25]<\/a>\u00a0 In other words, women in politics or activism are unsupported and discouraged by the neoliberal, patriarchal society; especially, in the 1960s, because they were seen as \u201csecond-class citizens.\u201d\u00a0 They did not fit in the notion of heteronormativity, of which they were non-males, non-heterosexuals, and non-middle income householders. \u00a0Hence, both writers also discuss on the ease that men had in politics, of which they were expected to take responsibility for the public good, rather than of women.\u00a0 In relations to Gittings and Lahusen, both lesbian women encountered obstacles, perpetrated by the oppressors\u2014in this case, the ALA and APA.\u00a0 It is important to note this concept because both independent, lesbian women worked twice as hard than men did to get their voices heard, while encouraging the lesbian community to fight alongside.<\/p>\n<p>The lesbian advocacy at a feminist lens touches upon the intersectionality of being a woman and a lesbian.\u00a0 Rather than having men to fight for gay equal rights, not gay and lesbian\u2019s, Gittings and Lahusen took on the approach of lesbian feminism.\u00a0 By definition, it is \u201ca variety of beliefs and practices based on the core assumption that a connection exists between an erotic and\/or emotional commitment to women and political resistance to patriarchal domination.\u201d<a href=\"#_ftn26\" name=\"_ftnref26\">[26]<\/a>\u00a0 The different experiences and views embody lesbian feminism in which lesbians and heterosexual women of different class systems and colored backgrounds all unite to fight for intersectional equality.\u00a0 This type of activism, although unstated by Gittings and Lahusen themselves, is what made their achievements, towards having institutions no longer referring homosexuality as a mental disorder and categorizing it \u00a0as sexual perversion, possible.\u00a0 If we take into account of gay men doing what Gittings and Lahusen did, then the privilege and rights would have been given to men only.<\/p>\n<p>The topic of lesbian identity is worth mentioning, in relations to the essence of gathering support over a social issue.\u00a0 According to E.M. Ettorre\u2019s <em>Lesbians, Women, and Society<\/em>, lesbian identity is a \u201c\u2018counter-identity\u2019 which challenges directly a society based on male-oriented heterosexual relations.\u201d<a href=\"#_ftn27\" name=\"_ftnref27\">[27]<\/a>\u00a0 Lesbian women know that their lives would differ from everybody else\u2019s in terms of struggling to prosper economically and gain equality.\u00a0 Importantly, lesbian women are seen lesser than heterosexual women because the institutional norm is for women to have sexual relations with men, not of the same-sex.\u00a0 I want to raise this notion to demonstrate how much Gittings and Lahusen have gone with their activism.\u00a0 Already, they were seen down upon, and I would argue that, if they were gay men, they would have achieved equality a lot sooner.<\/p>\n<p>Jack Gieseking\u2019s <em>LGBTQ Spaces and Places<\/em> provide readers with an understanding of public vs. private sectors, in relations to gender.\u00a0 \u201cSince the late nineteenth and throughout the twentieth century, most gay, bisexual, and queer men were largely unable to occupy private spaces alone together with the result that their \u2018privacy could only be had in public.\u2019\u201d<a href=\"#_ftn28\" name=\"_ftnref28\">[28]<\/a>\u00a0 Lesbian women and transgender people, on the contrary, were often associated with private spaces.\u00a0 This aspect is key to understanding the importance of Gittings and Lahusen\u2019s accomplishments; especially with the editorial of <em>The Ladder<\/em>.\u00a0 Lesbian women were not much unaware of the LGBTQ oppression, occurring throughout the United States.\u00a0 It can be said that they were uneducated to the extent that they accepted homosexuality as a mental disorder, and feared to have their voices heard.\u00a0 Gittings and Lahusen channeled the political and social issues in this lesbian magazine, of which lesbian women were more aware of the issues occurring and were convinced to channel their voices in the public spaces.\u00a0 Gittings encouraged lesbian women to publicly demonstrate, and empowered them as independent and strong lesbian women\u2014no longer to have the need to depend on men in office.<\/p>\n<p>Another trend to discuss on is the generational political activism.\u00a0 Young citizens tend to choose to politically express themselves and express their voices through particular organizational structures, such as social media, journalism, holding political office, lobbying, et cetera.<a href=\"#_ftn29\" name=\"_ftnref29\">[29]<\/a>\u00a0 Because the forms of political activism have evolved, there is a distinct generational shift, of which young citizens do not partake into political or social advocacy, but, rather depend on the older generation to do the \u201cphysical work.\u201d\u00a0 Gittings and Lahusen were of the young generation, when they first started their activism.\u00a0 They did not depend on the older generation; rather they took initiative in the pursuit of social justice.\u00a0 In addition, there are new social movements that young citizens choose to be in, mainly because the \u201cgoals of new social movements often focus upon achieving social change through direct action strategies and community-building, as well as by altering lifestyles and social identities\u2026\u201d<a href=\"#_ftn30\" name=\"_ftnref30\">[30]<\/a>\u00a0 This suggests that, at the time Gittings and Lahusen were fighting for LGBTQ civil rights, many were in support of the movement because of their encouragement to fight for equality and identify their social identities as part of the LGBTQ community.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Discussion: Arguments for the Sites Inclusion: <\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Throughout this excerpt, I presented readers with Barbara Gittings and Kay Tobin Lahusen\u2019s greatest accomplishments that have positively influenced the LGBTQ community.\u00a0 I argue that their home be considered an LGBTQ historic national site.\u00a0 Although those accomplishments may not have been done in the home, the home is associated with these special events that have shaped LGBTQ history as part of American history.\u00a0 This site is meant to be recognized and honored through Gittings and Lahusen\u2019s lesbian forty-eight years of lesbian activism.\u00a0 My argument will be framed in the sense of understanding what the LGBTQ community would be without these lesbian women\u2019s dedication to changing certain institutions and initiative activism in general.<\/p>\n<p><em>The Ladder<\/em> was an important component to the national organization called The Daughters of Bilitis.\u00a0 It served as a communication base to the lesbian community by channeling information about LGBTQ political and social-related issues.\u00a0 Lesbian women were empowered and, therefore, devoted to act on public demonstrations and no longer depend on the protection of male politicians.\u00a0 I must say that Gittings shifted this lesbian magazine to a militant stance, which was one of the reasons for her dismissal.\u00a0 Though, we should not take her dismissal as a an act of failure, but rather as an act of resistance against the oppressive institutions, of which Gittings did not let herself be tamed under a patriarchal society.\u00a0 Lahusen\u2019s suggestion to Gittings on having actual footage of lesbian women displayed on the front cover of the magazine and subtitled \u201cA Lesbian Review\u201d all made the unity of lesbian women easier and even possible.\u00a0 Without their works on <em>The Ladder<\/em>, lesbian women most likely would not have shifted from being in the private space to the public space.<\/p>\n<p>Gittings was responsible for the start of fighting for LGBTQ equal rights, rather than just tolerance of what one is.\u00a0 She took on the role, along with Frank Kameny, to organize annual reminders in picketing in front of Independence Hall.\u00a0 Their pictures were taken by not only Lahusen, but also by government officials.\u00a0 This brought about fear, not knowing what the government would do with those pictures or any relevant information about Gittings and Lahusen, because, at the time, there was no legal protection for LGBTQ individuals.\u00a0 Nonetheless, the picketing was a brave act of defiance that has been commemorated in a reenactment on July 4th of 2015, as part of the National LGBT 50th Anniversary Ceremony.<a href=\"#_ftn31\" name=\"_ftnref31\">[31]<\/a> \u00a0Hence, without this initiative, would LGBTQ individuals have stood up for themselves against the government, under the guise of equality?<\/p>\n<p>The American Library Association is one institution that Gittings and Lahusen strongly lobbied.\u00a0 I argue that without their activism in this association, homosexuality still would have had been categorized as sexual perversion, which builds the stigma that homosexuality is immoral.\u00a0 Gittings brought to the table creative and tactical ideas such as the \u201cHug a Homosexual,\u201d which drew attention to the ALA in passing the gay resolution.\u00a0 I want to also mention that Gittings, along with members from the Gay Task Force Liberation, was responsible for the creation of a first ever gay bibliography, called the First Gay Award.\u00a0 Therefore, without their works in the ALA, would there ever have been a gay bibliography that consists of positive gay literature?\u00a0 Individuals would find books on homosexuality in the abnormal psychology, which makes a difference when wanting to learn more about your community.\u00a0 Instead of learning, though, one is building hatred towards oneself under the guise that homosexuality is immoral, sinful, and sexual deviant.<\/p>\n<p>Gittings work on the APA influenced the change from removing homosexuality as a mental disorder under the DSM.\u00a0 Gittings was responsible for recruiting the gay psychiatrist, named Dr. John E. Fryer.\u00a0 This started the discussion on the homosexuality, which then initiated the APA to have a first ever committee to talk upon the topic.\u00a0 In 2006, Gittings, along with Frank Kameny, received the APA\u2019s first annual civil rights award.<\/p>\n<p>Gittings and Lahusen\u2019s activism has already been given dedication for the impact that it has on the LGBTQ community and in American history.\u00a0 In the 2005 APA\u2019s fifty-eight Institute on Psychiatric Services, Gittings was given the APA\u2019s first John E. Fryer, M.D., award, which recognizes individuals who have made significant contributions to LGBTQ mental health.<a href=\"#_ftn32\" name=\"_ftnref32\">[32]<\/a>\u00a0 And, in 2012, the City Council of Philadelphia voted on approving the dedication of the intersection of Gittings and Lahusen\u2019s home as the \u201cBarbara Gittings Way.\u201d \u00a0Furthermore, Gittings and Lahusen were honored and recognized with the Matlovich\u2019s plaque in Chicago\u2019s Legacy Walk.\u00a0 These recognitions are to be taken into consideration when deciding on whether or not to dedicate the home as an LGBTQ historic national site.\u00a0 They received these dedications for their contribution on the LGBTQ community that has enriched American history.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Conclusion:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Thus, Barbara Gittings and Kay Tobin Lahusen fought for gay civil rights movement because they strongly believed in the notion of being treated equal, regardless on anyone\u2019s sexual orientation.\u00a0 They are considered to be \u201cgay pioneers\u201d or idols who have enriched American history by changing institutions, such as the American Library Association and the American Psychiatry Association, from oppressing American people.\u00a0 Their forty-eight years of lesbian activism earns them the strong consideration of honoring and recognizing their home as an LGBTQ historical national site.\u00a0 It is not just a simple plaque, but a representation of their works that has positively influenced the LGBTQ community.\u00a0 They paved the way for LGBTQ individuals to live without the harsh stigmas of what it meant to be a homosexual and to live with dignity and respect.\u00a0 Barbara Gittings was and Kay Tobin Lahusen is a strong LGBTQ idol, whose work will live on through American history and in remembrance of those who fought alongside.\u00a0 In honoring and recognizing their home, Americans will be aware of the works of two independent lesbian women.\u00a0 Their lesbian feminism touched upon intersectionality and prevented patriarchy from further oppressing LGBTQ individuals.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>BIBLIOGRAPHY<\/p>\n<p>Avery, Dan. &#8220;Activists Will Reenact Historic 1964 Gay Rights Protest At Philadelphia&#8217;s Independence Hall.&#8221; LOGO News. July 03, 2015. Accessed May 10, 2017. <a href=\"http:\/\/www.newnownext.com\/activists-will-reenact-historic-1964-gay-rights-protest-at-philadelphias-independence-hall\/07\/2015\/\">http:\/\/www.newnownext.com\/activists-will-reenact-historic-1964-gay-rights-protest-at-philadelphias-independence-hall\/07\/2015\/<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&#8220;Barbara Gittings and Kay Tobin Lahusen gay history papers and photographs 1855-2009 [bulk 1963-2007] D.&#8221; Barbara Gittings and Kay Tobin Lahusen gay history papers and photographs. Accessed May 5, 2017. <a href=\"http:\/\/archives.nypl.org\/mss\/6397#controlaccess\">http:\/\/archives.nypl.org\/mss\/6397#controlaccess<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&#8220;Barbara Gittings.&#8221; Barbara Gittings | LGBTHistoryMonth.com. Accessed May 10, 2017. <a href=\"http:\/\/www.lgbthistorymonth.com\/barbara-gittings?tab=biography\">http:\/\/www.lgbthistorymonth.com\/barbara-gittings?tab=biography<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Barbara Gittings, Gay in Library Land: The Gay and Liberation Task Force of the American Library Association: The First Sixteen Years (Delaware: McFarland, 1990).<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&#8220;Barbara Gittings Residence Historic Marker Dedication.&#8221; Event &#8211; Barbara Gittings Residence Historic Marker Dedication | Equality Forum. 2017. Accessed May 08, 2017. <a href=\"http:\/\/www.equalityforum.com\/event\/barbara-gittings-residence-historic-marker-dedication\">http:\/\/www.equalityforum.com\/event\/barbara-gittings-residence-historic-marker-dedication<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&#8220;Barbara Gittings, the mother of the LGBT civil rights movement.&#8221; Lesbian News. February 20, 2016. Accessed May 10, 2017. <a href=\"http:\/\/www.lesbiannews.com\/barbara-gittings-a-lesbian-and-activist\/\">http:\/\/www.lesbiannews.com\/barbara-gittings-a-lesbian-and-activist\/<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Bothmer, Von Lenelotte and Vale, Michel. \u201cWomen and Politics.\u201d <em>International Journal of Sociology<\/em> 8, no.3 (1978). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/pdf\/20629781.pdf\">https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/pdf\/20629781.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Burton, Neel. &#8220;When Homosexuality Stopped Being a Mental Disorder.&#8221; Psychology Today. September 18, 2015. Accessed May 10, 2017. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.psychologytoday.com\/blog\/hide-and-seek\/201509\/when-homosexuality-stopped-being-mental-disorder\">https:\/\/www.psychologytoday.com\/blog\/hide-and-seek\/201509\/when-homosexuality-stopped-being-mental-disorder<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&#8220;Collection Info.&#8221; Gittings, Barbara and Kay Tobin Lahusen Papers \u2022 Collection \u2022 LGBT-RAN. Accessed May 10, 2017. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.lgbtran.org\/Collection.aspx?ID=185\">https:\/\/www.lgbtran.org\/Collection.aspx?ID=185<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Dan Avery, \u201cActivists Will Reenact Historic 1964 Gay Rights Protest At Philadelphia\u2019s Independence Hall,\u201d NewNowNext, July 03, 2015, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.newnownext.com\/activists-will-reenact-historic-1964-gay-rights-protest-at-philadelphias-independence-hall\/07\/2015\/\">http:\/\/www.newnownext.com\/activists-will-reenact-historic-1964-gay-rights-protest-at-philadelphias-independence-hall\/07\/2015\/<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Ettore, E.M. \u201cLesbians, Women, and Society.\u201d London, Boston, and Henley: <em>Routledge &amp; Kegan Paul<\/em> (1980).<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Faderman, Lillian. \u201cThe Gay Revolution. The Story of the Struggle.\u201d\u00a0 (Simon &amp; Schuster, 2016).<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Fox, Margalit. &#8220;Barbara Gittings, 74, Prominent Gay Rights Activist Since \u201950s, Dies.&#8221; The New York Times. March 14, 2007. Accessed May 10, 2017. <a href=\"http:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2007\/03\/15\/obituaries\/15gittings.html\">http:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2007\/03\/15\/obituaries\/15gittings.html<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Gallo, Marcia M. \u201cTo Barabara Gittings, 1932-2007). Thank You.\u201d <em>Gay &amp; Lesbian Review Worldwide <\/em>14, no. 3 (2007). <a href=\"http:\/\/eds.b.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.trincoll.edu\/ehost\/detail\/detail?sid=25a340ca-7bde-4b82-a51b-a5101294d61b%40sessionmgr104&amp;vid=0&amp;hid=113&amp;bdata=JkF1dGhUeXBlPWNvb2tpZSxpcCx1aWQmc2l0ZT1laG9zdC1saXZlJnNjb3BlPXNpdGU%3d#AN=509836205&amp;db=brb\">http:\/\/eds.b.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.trincoll.edu\/ehost\/detail\/detail?sid=25a340ca-7bde-4b82-a51b-a5101294d61b%40sessionmgr104&amp;vid=0&amp;hid=113&amp;bdata=JkF1dGhUeXBlPWNvb2tpZSxpcCx1aWQmc2l0ZT1laG9zdC1saXZlJnNjb3BlPXNpdGU%3d#AN=509836205&amp;db=brb<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Gittiings, Barbara. \u201cGay Liberation: From Task Force to Round Table.\u201d <em>American Libraries <\/em>30, no. 11 (1999). <a href=\"http:\/\/ej4da6xn7z.scholar.serialssolutions.com\/?sid=google&amp;auinit=B&amp;aulast=Gittings&amp;atitle=Gay+liberation:+from+task+force+to+round+table&amp;title=American+libraries+(Chicago,+Ill.)&amp;volume=30&amp;issue=11&amp;date=1999&amp;spage=74&amp;issn=0002-9769\">http:\/\/ej4da6xn7z.scholar.serialssolutions.com\/?sid=google&amp;auinit=B&amp;aulast=Gittings&amp;atitle=Gay+liberation:+from+task+force+to+round+table&amp;title=American+libraries+(Chicago,+Ill.)&amp;volume=30&amp;issue=11&amp;date=1999&amp;spage=74&amp;issn=0002-9769<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Gittings, Barbara. \u201cShow and Tell.\u201d <em>Journal of Gay &amp; Lesbian Mental Health<\/em> 12, no. 3 (2008). <a href=\"http:\/\/www-tandfonline-com.ezproxy.trincoll.edu\/doi\/pdf\/10.1080\/19359700802111742?needAccess=true\">http:\/\/www-tandfonline-com.ezproxy.trincoll.edu\/doi\/pdf\/10.1080\/19359700802111742?needAccess=true<\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Jen Jack Gieseking. \u201cLGBTQ Spaces and Places.\u201d <em>National Park Foundation <\/em>(2016). <a href=\"http:\/\/www.nps.gov\/subjects\/tellingallamericansstories\/lgbtqthemestudy.htm\">www.nps.gov\/subjects\/tellingallamericansstories\/lgbtqthemestudy.htm<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Jenness, Valerie and Broad, Kendal. \u201cAntiviolence Activism and the (In) Visibility of Gender in the Gay\/Lesbian and Women\u2019s Movements.\u201d <em>Gender and Society<\/em> 8, no. 3 (1994). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/189713?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents\">https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/189713?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Keehnen, Owen. \u201cThe Legacy Walk (Chicago).\u201d <em>Glbtq Inc.<\/em> (2015). <a href=\"http:\/\/www.glbtqarchive.com\/arts\/legacy_walk_chicago_A.pdf\">http:\/\/www.glbtqarchive.com\/arts\/legacy_walk_chicago_A.pdf<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Martine, Del and Lyon, Phyllis. \u201cDaughters of Bilitis and the Ladder that Teetered.\u201d <em>Journal of Lesbian Studies<\/em> 5, no.3 (2001). <a href=\"http:\/\/www-tandfonline-com.ezproxy.trincoll.edu\/doi\/pdf\/10.1300\/J155v05n03_13?needAccess=true\">http:\/\/www-tandfonline-com.ezproxy.trincoll.edu\/doi\/pdf\/10.1300\/J155v05n03_13?needAccess=true<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>McDonald, Natalie Hope. \u201cBarbara Gittings Way to Be Dedicated.\u201d GPhilly, Septemeber 12, 2012.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>MD Drescher, Jack. \u201cHonoring Barbara Gittings.\u201d <em>Journal of Gay &amp; Lesbian Mental Health <\/em>12, no. 3<\/p>\n<p>(2008). <a href=\"http:\/\/www-tandfonline-com.ezproxy.trincoll.edu\/doi\/pdf\/10.1080\/19359700802111775?needAccess=true\">http:\/\/www-tandfonline-com.ezproxy.trincoll.edu\/doi\/pdf\/10.1080\/19359700802111775?needAccess=true<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Miller , Faderman, and Tobin Wicker. &#8220;Barbara Gittings (1932- ).&#8221; PBS. Accessed May 10, 2017. <a href=\"http:\/\/www.pbs.org\/outofthepast\/past\/p5\/gittings.html\">http:\/\/www.pbs.org\/outofthepast\/past\/p5\/gittings.html<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Naples, Nancy A. \u201cCommunity Activism and Feminist Politics.\u201d <em>Organizing Across Race, Class, and Gender<\/em>. Myra Marx Ferree, University of Connecticut (1998).<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Rubick, Margaret. &#8220;The Women Who Took On the APA.&#8221; Margaret Rubick. Accessed May 10, 2017. <a href=\"http:\/\/www.margaretrubick.com\/press-articles\/the-women-who-took-on-the-apa\/\">http:\/\/www.margaretrubick.com\/press-articles\/the-women-who-took-on-the-apa\/<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Streitmatter, Rodger. \u201cRaising a Militant Voice in the 1960s.\u201d <em>Lesbian and Gay Press<\/em> 12, no. 2 (2013). <a href=\"http:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/08821127.1995.10731716\">http:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/08821127.1995.10731716<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref1\" name=\"_ftn1\">[1]<\/a> McDonald, Natalie Hope. \u201cBarbara Gittings Way to Be Dedicated.\u201d GPhilly, Septemeber 12, 2012.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref2\" name=\"_ftn2\">[2]<\/a> \u201cGay Pioneers,\u201d <em>EqualityForum.com<\/em>, accessed April 27, 2017, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.equalityforum.com\/organization\">http:\/\/www.equalityforum.com\/organization<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref3\" name=\"_ftn3\">[3]<\/a> Ibid<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref4\" name=\"_ftn4\">[4]<\/a> Owen Keehnen, \u201cThe Legacy Walk (Chicago),\u201d <em>glbtq Inc<\/em>. (2015): 1<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref5\" name=\"_ftn5\">[5]<\/a> Margalit Fox, \u201cBarbara Gittings, 74, Prominent GAY Rights Activist Since \u201850s, Dies,\u201d <em>The New York Times<\/em>, March 15, 2007, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2007\/03\/15\/obituaries\/15gittings.html\">http:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2007\/03\/15\/obituaries\/15gittings.html<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref6\" name=\"_ftn6\">[6]<\/a> Marcia M. Gallo, \u201cTo Barbara Gittings, 1932-2007: Thank You.,\u201d <em>Gay &amp; Lesbian Review Worldwide<\/em> 1, no. 3 (2007): Biography Reference Bank Select (509836205).<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref7\" name=\"_ftn7\">[7]<\/a> &#8220;Barbara Gittings and Kay Tobin Lahusen gay history papers and photographs 1855-2009 [bulk 1963-2007] D.&#8221; Barbara Gittings and Kay Tobin Lahusen gay history papers and photographs. Accessed May 5, 2017. http:\/\/archives.nypl.org\/mss\/6397#controlaccess.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref8\" name=\"_ftn8\">[8]<\/a> Margaret Rubick, \u201cThe Women Who Took On the APA,\u201d Gay &amp; Lesbian Review Worldwide 19, no. 2 (2017).<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref9\" name=\"_ftn9\">[9]<\/a> Ibid<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref10\" name=\"_ftn10\">[10]<\/a>Dan Avery, \u201cActivists Will Reenact Historic 1964 Gay Rights Protest At Philadelphia\u2019s Independence Hall,\u201d NewNowNext, July 03, 2015, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.newnownext.com\/activists-will-reenact-historic-1964-gay-rights-protest-at-philadelphias-independence-hall\/07\/2015\/\">http:\/\/www.newnownext.com\/activists-will-reenact-historic-1964-gay-rights-protest-at-philadelphias-independence-hall\/07\/2015\/<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref11\" name=\"_ftn11\">[11]<\/a> Ibid<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref12\" name=\"_ftn12\">[12]<\/a> Barbara Gittings, <em>Gay in Library Land: The Gay and Liberation Task Force of the American Library Association: The First Sixteen Years<\/em> (Delaware: McFarland, 1990), 9.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref13\" name=\"_ftn13\">[13]<\/a> Ibid, 4.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref14\" name=\"_ftn14\">[14]<\/a> Marcia M. Gallo, \u201cTo Barbara Gittings, 1932-2007: Thank You.,\u201d Gay &amp; Lesbian Review Worldwide 1, no. 3 (2007): Biography Reference Bank Select (509836205).<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref15\" name=\"_ftn15\">[15]<\/a> Barbara Gittings, <em>Gay in Library Land: The Gay and Liberation Task Force of the American Library Association: The First Sixteen Years<\/em> (Delaware: McFarland, 1990), 9.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref16\" name=\"_ftn16\">[16]<\/a> Barbara Gittings, \u201cGay Liberation: From Task Force to Round Table.\u201d American Libraries 30, no. 11 (Dec 19999).<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref17\" name=\"_ftn17\">[17]<\/a> Barbara Gittings, Gay in Library Land: The Gay and Liberation Task Force of the American Library Association: The First Sixteen Years (Delaware: McFarland, 1990), 7.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref18\" name=\"_ftn18\">[18]<\/a> Jack Drescher MD, <em>Honoring Barbara Gittings <\/em>(Routledge, 2008), 297.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref19\" name=\"_ftn19\">[19]<\/a> Miller, Wicker Tobin, and Fadermana. &#8220;Barbara Gittings (1932- ).&#8221; PBS. Accessed May 08, 2017. <a href=\"http:\/\/www.pbs.org\/outofthepast\/past\/p5\/gittings.html\">http:\/\/www.pbs.org\/outofthepast\/past\/p5\/gittings.html<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref20\" name=\"_ftn20\">[20]<\/a> Jack Drescher MD, Honoring Barbara Gittings (Routledge, 2008), 297.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref21\" name=\"_ftn21\">[21]<\/a> Burton, Neel. &#8220;When Homosexuality Stopped Being a Mental Disorder.&#8221; Psychology Today. September 18, 2015. Accessed May 08, 2017. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.psychologytoday.com\/blog\/hide-and-seek\/201509\/when-homosexuality-stopped-being-mental-disorder\">https:\/\/www.psychologytoday.com\/blog\/hide-and-seek\/201509\/when-homosexuality-stopped-being-mental-disorder<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref22\" name=\"_ftn22\">[22]<\/a> Rodger Streitmatter, <em>Raising a Militant Voice in the <\/em>1960s, (Boston, London: Faber and Faber, 1995), 143.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref23\" name=\"_ftn23\">[23]<\/a> Valerie Jenness and Kendal Broad, <em>Antiviolence Activism and the (In) Visibility of Gender in the Gay\/Lesbian and Women\u2019s Movement<\/em>, (1994), 408.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref24\" name=\"_ftn24\">[24]<\/a> Ibid, 418.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref25\" name=\"_ftn25\">[25]<\/a> Lenelotte von Bothmer and Michel Vale, <em>Women and Politics<\/em>, (Taylor &amp; Francis, Ltd. 1978), 108.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref26\" name=\"_ftn26\">[26]<\/a> E.M. Ettorre, <em>Lesbians, Women, and Society,<\/em> (London, Boston, and Henely: Routledge &amp; Kegan Paul, 1980), \u00a058.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref27\" name=\"_ftn27\">[27]<\/a> Ibid 34<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref28\" name=\"_ftn28\">[28]<\/a> Jen Jack Gieseking, <em>LGBTQ Spaces and Places<\/em>, 14-3.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref29\" name=\"_ftn29\">[29]<\/a> Pippa Norris, <em>Young People &amp; Political Activism: From the Politics of Loyalties to the Politics of Choice?<\/em>, (Massachusetts: Harvard University), 1.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref30\" name=\"_ftn30\">[30]<\/a> Ibid, 7.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref31\" name=\"_ftn31\">[31]<\/a> Dan Avery, \u201cActivists Will Reenact Historic 1964 Gay Rights Protest At Philadelphia\u2019s Independence Hall,\u201d NewNowNext, July 03, 2015, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.newnownext.com\/activists-will-reenact-historic-1964-gay-rights-protest-at-philadelphias-independence-hall\/07\/2015\/\">http:\/\/www.newnownext.com\/activists-will-reenact-historic-1964-gay-rights-protest-at-philadelphias-independence-hall\/07\/2015\/<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref32\" name=\"_ftn32\">[32]<\/a> Margaret Rubick, \u201cThe Women Who Took On the APA,\u201d Gay &amp; Lesbian Review Worldwide 19, no. 2 (2017).<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Barbara Gittings and Kay Tobin Lahusen&#8217;s Lesbian Activism Barbara Gittings and Kay Lahusen from Pedro Bonilla Pedro Bonilla Queer America Professor Gieseking 10 May 2017 &nbsp; Site: Barbara Gittings and Kay Lahusen home, 21st and Locust Streets, Philadelphia, PA. \u201cAs a teenager, I had to struggle alone to learn about myself and what it meant&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1655,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[24],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/commons.trincoll.edu\/amst-queer-america\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/440"}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/commons.trincoll.edu\/amst-queer-america\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/commons.trincoll.edu\/amst-queer-america\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/commons.trincoll.edu\/amst-queer-america\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1655"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/commons.trincoll.edu\/amst-queer-america\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=440"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"http:\/\/commons.trincoll.edu\/amst-queer-america\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/440\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":441,"href":"http:\/\/commons.trincoll.edu\/amst-queer-america\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/440\/revisions\/441"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/commons.trincoll.edu\/amst-queer-america\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=440"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/commons.trincoll.edu\/amst-queer-america\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=440"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/commons.trincoll.edu\/amst-queer-america\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=440"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}