Citations

Posted on

As we are approaching the due date for our first essay, I decided to conduct a literature search for potential sources to support my argument. The first source that I found is an article from a website titled The Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights that describes what housing discrimination is.[1] The next source I found is a book titled Closed Doors, Opportunities Lost: The Continuing Costs of Housing Discrimination that describes the connection between housing and opportunity.[2] I would like to further explore this topic as home ownership is seen as a long-term goal. Despite many people’s dreams of buying homes in great neighborhoods, there are harsh realities for some. Hopefully this book will explain more on who is targeted, how they are targeted and why and the effects. Another source that I found is from the Journal of Urban Economics that discusses housing discrimination in the year 2000.[3] I find this relevant because the study was conducted within the last fifteen years. This will help me examine the changes in housing barriers, if any, through out the 20th century and beyond. The last source I found was on the Hartford Courant’s website. It discusses housing discrimination of Section 8 recipients.[4] I know that we are focusing on homeowners, but I think it might be interesting to compare the difference of housing discrimination for homeowners and renters as homeownership is as more permanent while renting may be temporary.

 


[1] “What Is Housing Discrimination?” The Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights. Web. 21 Sept. 2012.

[2] Yinger, John. Closed Doors, Opportunities Lost: The Continuing Costs of Housing Discrimination. Russell Sage Foundation, 1997. Print.

[3] Zhao, Bo, Jan Ondrich, and John Yinger. “Why Do Real Estate Brokers Continue to Discriminate? Evidence from the 2000 Housing Discrimination Study.” Journal of Urban Economics 59.3 (2006): 394–419. Web. 21 Sept. 2012.

[4]  “Federal Suit Alleges Section 8 Housing Discrimination.” Hartford Courant. Web. 21 Sept. 2012.

 

 

Exclusionary Zoning

Posted on

As I sat in my Organizing by Neighborhood class last week, the most important thing that I took from the lecture is that neighborhoods go through cycles. As we are examining the connections between housing and schooling in Cities, Schools and Suburbs this is a very important anecdote to keep in mind.  Redlining, block busting, restrictive covenants and racial steering were practices that increased racial segregation and these practices were overtly discriminatory. On the other hand, the introduction and implementation of zoning codes not only served a purpose in the effectiveness and efficiency of land use in cities, but also allowed the governing officials to continue to racially segregate people in amore discreet manner (Wikipedia). Zoning codes are and continue to be one of the most powerful tools that restrict people from moving into certain neighborhoods.

http://affordablehousinginstitute.org/blogs/us/wp-content/uploads/exclusion.jpg

Exclusionary zoning often excludes low-income families and people of color from attaining quality and affordable housing, education, employment et cetera. Some factors effecting low- income families and people of color are restrictions on multi-family development, minimum lot sizes, age restricted zoning, and low density zoning (Reece p. 20). Although these restrictions are not explicitly discriminating against low-income families and people of color, they further perpetuate their lack of access to opportunity.

West Hartford’s 1924 report to their Zoning Commission states, “Zoning is the direction of building development along orderly and well considered lines of city growth…On the human side zoning means better homes and an increase of health, comfort and happiness for all people (Whitten).” On the contrary to what was written in their report, zoning meant better homes, increase of health and comfort and happiness for some not all.

The case of Village of Euclid, v. Ambler Realty Co in 1926 was the first significant attempt to combat exclusionary zoning (Wikipedia). Despite the Supreme Court’s ruling in favor of the Village of Euclid, there are still efforts to fight against exclusionary zoning in pursuit for equal opportunity and access for all. The Connecticut Fair Housing Center and Kirwan Institute for the Study of Race and Ethnicity has partnered to not only identify but also propose solutions to growing opportunity disparities that persist for low-income families and people of color. The creation of opportunity maps is a great first step in changing the housing landscape today. Changes in the current housing landscape will in turn change other related factors including, but not limited to quality education, employment opportunities and benefits, and more healthy living in which everyone should be afforded regardless of their background.

Sources:

“Village of Euclid, Ohio v. Ambler Realty Co.” Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 16 Sept. 2012. Web. 17 Sept. 2012. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Village_of_Euclid,_Ohio_v._Ambler_Realty_Co.>.

Reece, Jason. “People, Place and Opportunity: Mapping Communities of Opportunity in Connecticut.” Connecticut Fair Housing Center: 1-32.

Whitten, Robert H. “West Hartford Zoning: Report to the Zoning Commission on the Zoning of West Hartford.” West Hartford, Conn: Zoning Commission, 1924 (courtesy of the Connecticut State Library)

“Zoning.” Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 17 Sept. 2012. Web. 17 Sept. 2012. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoning>.

 

 

Home (and School) Buying Simulation

Posted on

As someone who is not familiar with the Connecticut School Systems, I found many challenges while gathering the data to compare the quality of education for Hartford and the surrounding towns. I grew up in Chicago and attended public schools all of my life. My husband and I both have the desire for our kids to grow up in the city and attend public schools as well. With our recent relocation to Hartford, we wanted to ensure that our children would continue to receive quality education as they did in their neighborhood school in Chicago (we have visited Hartford numerous times before for short business trips so we are have a feel for the city even though it is not in depth).

Initially, we looked at places both in Hartford and the other surrounding towns that worked within our limited budget, but ultimately decided to find a place in Hartford. After considering numerous factors such as access to public transportation, affordability and our desire to live in the city, we felt that living in Hartford would be the best fit for our family.

As I researched the Hartford Public School system, I learned that they operate on an Open Choice system. In the beginning, I did not quite understand what that meant, but after conducting more research, I thought that it was a pretty good and unique system. For one, the fact that our children can attend school anywhere in Hartford is appealing to us because we can find a place that we can afford and not have to worry about squeezing into a tiny apartment to ensure that our children attend a good school as we did when we lived in Chicago. Furthermore, the potential for my children to attend suburban schools gives me added hope for their futures. Growing up, I always heard that suburban schools are better in terms of funding, which in turn allows more resources and better learning opportunities. In Hartford it is nice to know that my children can experience the city lifestyle and potentially get the benefit of attending suburban schools.

The results:

We chose to rent an apartment in school zone 3 for $800. We applied to schools based on their tests gain percentage as shown on the Smart Choices website. Our 6th grader will be attending Capital Preparatory Magnet School that had a test gain of 2 points  located in Hartford’s zone 2, while our 3rd grader will be attending Expeditionary Learning Academy at Moylan that had a test gain of three points in Hartford’s zone 3. Our 6th grader will be bused to school, while we will walk our 3rd grader to school (0.8 mi) until we purchase decide to purchase a car. Although we did not look into demographics, according to the Smart Choices website, Capital Prep is predominately African American but has a good balance of Whites and Hispanics. On the other hand, Moylan is predominately Hispanic with very few Whites and African Americans. Ideally I would like for my 3rd grader to attend a more diverse school but we will see how Moylan works first before deciding if we would like to look into other options.

When I look at the schools suburban schools in the Greater Hartford Region OpenChoice Program that my children were eligible to attend, the test gain results were not available. However, the overall average of student demographic showed that there were more Whites enrolled in the suburban schools. When we settle into our neighborhood, I plan to do more research on the schools to get a better look at how the system works to know if my children are truly getting a quality education.

Photo from SmartChoices Website

 

One of the biggest drawbacks of the Open Choice initiative is the lottery system. Everyone wants the best for their child and will choose put the top schools on their list, but not everyone will come out winning. Without any previous experience with the school system, the statistics found were helpful, but they don’t give me  a full understanding of what we are getting ourselves into. Even though we initially planned to buy a house in Hartford, we decided to reconsider this option after we experience the schools in the city first. The options seem promising, but we want to ensure that our children will have the best education before settling down. I cannot say that we wont resort to the suburbs (despite deep love and hope for the betterment of urban public schools) if we lose all confidence in the Hartford Public and Magnet Schools, but we are currently optimistic and hope for the best.

http://www.google.com/imgres?um=1&hl=en&sa=N&biw=1237&bih=706&tbm=isch&tbnid=mAuPzyypR9h9tM:&imgrefurl=http://www.chaitdigital.com/hartford-court-reporters.htm&docid=Btb4dyDW5PA7hM&imgurl=http://www.chaitdigital.com/images/hartford.jpg&w=548&h=300&ei=JOhQUIKLBYTq0gGGroGIBw&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=119&vpy=215&dur=505&hovh=145&hovw=264&tx=159&ty=75&sig=109349925599294906344&page=1&tbnh=113&tbnw=206&start=0&ndsp=15&ved=1t:429,r:0,s:0,i:142

Suggestions for the future:

I found it challenging to understand the “ins and outs” of the Hartford Public School system because I’m not from around here.  However, after meeting with Finnouala, to discuss the difficulties, I did not feel as overwhelmed. The Smart Choices website that she showed me was very helpful and I think that the link should be provided as a resource for the activity.