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When starting looking for sources, I decided to type in these few key words: Hartford, housing, barriers, and change–all words that have to do with our next assignment on how barriers in housing have changed over time.  The first website I looked for sources in was JStor.  I found two articles, one called “School Choice in Suburbia: Test Scores, Race, and Housing Markets, and article written by Trinity College Faculty” ¹ .   The other was an article called “Homelessness in Québec City, Québec and Hartford, Connecticut: A Cross-National and Cross-Cultural Analysis” ² .  I picked both of these for my journal articles because they both not only talked about Hartford, but also talked about the change in opportunity people had with housing. The article comparing homelessness in Québec and Hartford has this sentence, “Having no home is a visible comment on society’s failure to house its most vulnerable members” ¹ , in the first paragraph of the article, showing that it will focus on how society deals with housing for the lower class. The other article about schools in suburban areas begins with a statistic that race influenced where someone lived seven more times over the decade long study ³ .

The next place I looked for sources was historical newspapers in the Hartford Courant, and I found “A Realistic Way of Crossing Barriers” ⁴ an article published in 1968 about needing a grant for affordable housing.  This article is interesting because it enters how people were thinking about housing barriers in the 60′s. After this, I searched the Trinity library for books on this topic. I came up with a book called “The Status of Equal Housing Opportunity: A Report of the Connecticut Commission on Human Rights and Opportunities” ⁵, and although it is not specifically on Hartford, the subject of the book was discrimination in housing, a perfect match to what I am looking for.  Lastly, I just searched google for a website, and came up with a article called “‘Affordable’ Still Not Equal: Housing Law Fails to Break Barriers in Affluent Towns” by Mike Swift ² .  Zotero was not able to cite this website, so I just did it myself.

When starting looking for sources, I decided to type in these few key words: Hartford, housing, barriers, and change–all words that have to do with our next assignment on how barriers in housing have changed over time.  The first website I looked for sources in was JStor.  I found two articles, one called “School Choice in Suburbia: Test Scores, Race, and Housing Markets, and article written by Trinity College Faculty” ¹ .   The other was an article called “Homelessness in Québec City, Québec and Hartford, Connecticut: A Cross-National and Cross-Cultural Analysis” ² .  I picked both of these for my journal articles because they both not only talked about Hartford, but also talked about the change in opportunity people had with housing. The article comparing homelessness in Québec and Hartford has this sentence, “Having no home is a visible comment on society’s failure to house its most vulnerable members” ¹ , in the first paragraph of the article, showing that it will focus on how society deals with housing for the lower class. The other article about schools in suburban areas begins with a statistic that race influenced where someone lived seven more times over the decade long study ³ .

The next place I looked for sources was historical newspapers in the Hartford Courant, and I found “A Realistic Way of Crossing Barriers” ⁴ an article published in 1968 about needing a grant for affordable housing.  This article is interesting because it enters how people were thinking about housing barriers in the 60′s. After this, I searched the Trinity library for books on this topic. I came up with a book called “The Status of Equal Housing Opportunity: A Report of the Connecticut Commission on Human Rights and Opportunities” ⁵, and although it is not specifically on Hartford, the subject of the book was discrimination in housing, a perfect match to what I am looking for.  Lastly, I just searched google for a website, and came up with a article called “‘Affordable’ Still Not Equal: Housing Law Fails to Break Barriers in Affluent Towns” by Mike Swift ² .  Zotero was not able to cite this website, so I just did it myself.

I have been most interested in restrictive covenants because while they seem the most overt and blatant in their racist language, their residual effects still lingered and still do. The first article I found interesting caught my eye because the notion that Houston, Texas is the largest city in the United States without any zoning laws was surprising.[1] Therefore, restrictive covenants were will used in lieu of zoning laws although they do not pertain directly to race. Whether explicit or implicit, many restrictive covenants are tied to race and are interesting and relevant to consider. The second article I discovered in the Hartford Courant has to do with the fight against restrictive covenants in conjunction with church groups. The article was written in March of 1948 and encouraged church groups to become involved in non-segregated housing and churches. This is interesting to me because to this day, Church still seems segregated and this articles shows the movements early on to de-segregate religious life.[2]

In the article titled “Restrictive Covenants” from the Encyclopedia of Chicago, the actual definition of restrictive covenants is written.[3] The part that I found the most interesting was the part talking directly about Chicago, IL. This stuck out to me because Chicago was a major urban center for many dialogues surrounding race relations. The final article I chose was interesting because it directly relates to Hartford and has more to do with businesses, but equally interesting.[4]

 

I chose to do my literature search on the topic of “racial segregation.” The first source I chose was a paperback book called, The Civil Rights Act of 1964: The Passage of the Law That Ended Racial Segregation. I chose this particular source, because I thought it seemed interesting. Additionally, I found the cover to be quite comedic and entertaining. Lastly, the material in the book appears to have a lot of information that could broaden my understanding of the course material in the class.

The second source I picked out for this particular assignment is a DVD called, “In the Land of Jim Crow: Growing Up Segregated.” I picked this source, because I really love to watch movies and it would provide me with great insight into the lives of those marginalized from society prior to the numerous reformations in housing policies (more importantly, to see which living conditions still exist).

The third source is an article entitled, “Mapping Racial Segregation in New York City” excerpted from “New York Magazine.” I chose this source, because we have studied numerous maps of Connecticut in this class. Additionally, I thought it would be interesting to see how the trends of racial segregation compare between the two states (Connecticut and New York). Maps are an imperative component in discovering the truth about certain regions and districts. Nothing quite like a visual!

The fourth source is featured on the opinion pages of the online edition of the “New York Times.” The story is called, “Is Segregation Back in the U.S. Public Schools?” I chose this particular source, because I thought it fit in quite well with the material we are learning in class. Not only does it discuss racial segregation, however, it discusses the public educational systems of America (a topic which is under great debate in our classroom).

The fifth source is a segment entitled “Ordinance for Race Segregation in Baltimore,” which was abstracted from the Hartford Courant (1764-1922). I chose it, because it is highly beneficial for research to get actual historical accounts. Additionally, there are a lot of similarities between Baltimore and Hartford; it would be interesting to explore the similarities and differences in terms of their racial segregation policies back in the early 1900’s between these two cities. The sixth source, which was also abstracted from the Hartford Courant, is “Negro Segregation Law Enjoined.” I chose this source, because I thought it would be fascinating to see a historical account on a particular case in court (especially considering that the trial occurred in a southern court house).

The last source was abstracted from “Britannica Online Encyclopedia.” I chose this source, because it was a definition of “racial segregation.” Additionally, Encyclopedia Britannica is a very reliable source.

 

WORKS CITED

In the Land of Jim Crow: Growing Up Segregated. Phoenix Learning Group, Inc., 2008. Film.

“Is Segregation Back in U.S. Public Schools? – Room for Debate.” The New York Times. Web. 21 Sept. 2012.

Loevy, Robert D., ed. The Civil Rights Act of 1964: The Passage of the Law That Ended Racial Segregation. State University of New York Press, 1997. Print.

“NEGRO SEGREGATION LAW ENJOINED: District Judge Grants Injunction Against St. Louis Ordinance.” The Hartford Courant (1887-1922) 18 Apr. 1916 : 17. Print.

“Ordinance For Race Segregation In Baltimore.” The Hartford Courant (1887-1922) 26 Sept. 1913 : 1. Print.

“Racial Segregation — Britannica Online Encyclopedia.” Encyclopedia Britannica. Web. 21 Sept. 2012.

Tiku, Nitasha. “Mapping Racial Segregation in New York City.” Daily Intel. Web. 21 Sept. 2012.

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The topic I looked up was zoning and exclusionary zoning. Because zoning is a broad topic, I figured if I had trouble, I’d use exclusionary zoning as a search subject. The book I found for zoning is called Housing America: building out of a crisis. I think this will be a terrific book to look at because it talks about all kinds of housing barriers, not just zoning. This book is a collection of people’s writings about housing problems in America and has a wide range of topics (Holcombe & Powell, 2009) . The journal article I found is about exclusionary zoning and called “The Politics of Exclusionary Zoning in Suburbia” by Michael N. Danielson. I thought this article looked interesting because it deals with the complexities and politics of zoning laws. I found this article on JSTOR (Danielson, 1976). The next article I found was from the Hartford Courant that was about exclusionary zoning in Hartford and racism in the housing market. This article is from 1994 but can still be related today (Kauffman & Writer, 1994). The last thing I found was a website, which happened to be an article from Boston College. This article is about exclusionary zoning and is called “Abolishing Exclusionary Zoning.” It discusses the issues of exclusionary zoning and also a program to abolish it (Liberty, 2003).

 

 

 

 

Holcombe, R. G., & Powell, B. (2009). Housing America: building out of a crisis. Independent studies in political economy. New Brunswick [N.J.]: Transaction Publishers.

Danielson, M. N. (1976). The Politics of Exclusionary Zoning in Suburbia. Political Science Quarterly, 91(1), 1–18. doi:10.2307/2149156

Kauffman, M., & Writer, C. S. (1994, June 27). A COLORBLIND SOCIETY MAY BE NAIVE VISION DESPITE GAINS, PREJUDICE EXISTS Series: Reacting to Race in the Suburbs: [STATEWIDE Edition]. Hartford Courant, p. A1. Hartford, Conn., United States. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/hartfordcourant/docview/255438642/1394BBB7E5464B116EA/3?accountid=14405

Liberty, R. (2003). Abolishing Exclusionary Zoning: A Natural Policy Alliance forEnvironmentalists and Affordable Housing Advocates. Boston College Environmental Affairs Law Review, 30(3), 581. Retrieved from http://lawdigitalcommons.bc.edu/ealr/vol30/iss3/8