{"id":374,"date":"2011-10-06T18:05:08","date_gmt":"2011-10-06T18:05:08","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/commons.trincoll.edu\/historyblog\/"},"modified":"2018-02-27T03:38:53","modified_gmt":"2018-02-27T03:38:53","slug":"history-style-sheet","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/commons.trincoll.edu\/historyblog\/history-major\/history-style-sheet\/","title":{"rendered":"Style Sheet for Papers & Theses"},"content":{"rendered":"

Notes and Bibliographies<\/strong><\/p>\n

1. Introduction:<\/strong>
\nEssay writing is one of the key skills that majors in History are meant
\nto acquire. As students carry out independent research projects for historiography, the junior seminar, the senior seminar or senior thesis, these skills are nurtured as students learn to measure their essays by the same standards as professional historians.<\/p>\n

2. Why a Style Sheet for Citations?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Good academic writing is based on verifiable sources. People who read your
\nessays must be told exactly where you have found your information. Although some very
\nbasic information can be expected to be common knowledge for your readers, all
\nother information that you have relied upon on while writing your essay must be credited in your notes and bibliography.<\/p>\n

These notes may appear at the bottom of the page as footnotes or at the end of the paper as endnotes. Whether as footnotes or endnotes, they take the same form and should be numbered sequentially from start to end (do not begin the numbering anew on each page). Your bibliography will appear last in your essay, after all of the notes. It will be headed \u2018Bibliography.’ Your references will be listed alphabetically (not numbered) in the bibliography, following the prescribed form.<\/p>\n

It is essential to credit your sources in a consistent way, making use of a standard
\nsystem. The required system for the Trinity College Department of History is that of the Chicago Manual of Style. The Chicago System is the most common system used in English-language academic work in the humanities.<\/p>\n

Please remember: reproducing or paraphrasing a source or an idea without crediting the original source is plagiarism.<\/p>\n

3. The Chicago System:<\/strong><\/p>\n

The Chicago Manual of Style is available in the Trinity College Library in hard copy in the reference room and online at the Trinity Online website. To access the online version: 1. Go to the library website 2. Click on TOR: On Line Resources 3. Click on Cite-Source 4. Click on Citation Styles 5. Click on Chicago.<\/p>\n

A \u201cQuick Guide\u201d to the system is also online at the following address:<\/p>\n

http:\/\/www.chicagomanualofstyle.org\/tools_citationguide.html<\/p>\n

The printed manual and the website give examples of both the humanities system and
\nthe sciences system. For our department, only the humanities system is important, and
\nits main features are described below.<\/p>\n

The manual and website also provide much information about academic writing in
\ngeneral, which you may find very helpful.<\/p>\n

4. Footnotes and Bibliography:<\/strong><\/p>\n

If a passage in your essay is a direct quote or a paraphrase of a source you have read,
\nyou must provide a footnote to indicate your source. You must also do so if you have taken information that is not common knowledge from another source.<\/p>\n

At the end of your essay, you must provide a bibliography that lists all the sources you have used, i.e. all sources mentioned in your footnotes as well as any additional sources that you looked at while writing the essay and that helped you, even if you did not quote or paraphrase them directly.<\/p>\n

The way in which you refer to a source in a footnote and in the bibliography
\nare slightly different. Further down you will find examples for all main types of
\nsources, explaining how to put them in a footnote and how to put them in the
\nbibliography.<\/p>\n

5. How to Quote:<\/strong><\/p>\n

If you copy a passage literally from one of your sources, this is \u201cquoting\u201d and the
\nquote needs to be sourced with reference to the page number(s). \u00a0For quotes, be sure
\nto copy the words exactly, including punctuation, capitalization and spelling. If your
\nquotation is shorter than three lines, integrate it into the text. Use double quotation
\nmarks (\u201c \u201d) to distinguish them from your paraphrases or your text, and use single
\nones (\u2018 \u2019) for quotations within quotations. When you add something to quotes, use
\nsquare brackets [ ] to distinguish your additions from the original author\u2019s wording.
\nLonger quotations need to be set off as a separate paragraph, without quotation marks.
\nIndent the entire paragraph slightly from both margins. If you delete any material from the quotation, replace it with an ellipsis (. . . ).<\/p>\n

6. References to Books, Articles and Websites:<\/strong><\/p>\n

Below are examples of how to refer to the most common types of secondary and primary
\nsources (books, articles, websites). In each case, we provide examples both for the
\nreference in a footnote and in the bibliography. After each example, we provide some
\nnotes in square brackets explaining some of the general principles underlying the
\nsystem.<\/p>\n

Please note that the use of commas and full stops is subject to clear rules in any
\nreferencing system. The general rule for the Chicago system is that commas are used
\nto separate parts of a footnote reference, and full stops to separate parts of a
\nbibliography reference, with some exceptions noted below.<\/p>\n

If you cannot find an example below for the type of source you need to refer to, please
\nconsult the Chicago Manual or their website.<\/p>\n

a)<\/strong> book by a single author<\/p>\n

In Footnote:<\/em><\/p>\n

Firstname Lastname, Title in Italics (Place of publication: Name of publishing house,
\nyear of publication), page number.<\/p>\n

Jonathan D. Spence, The Search for Modern China (London: Hutchinson, 1990), 36.<\/p>\n

[NOTE: A footnote is usually a reference to a particular page or set of pages in a
\nbook. Occasionally you might need to add a footnote to a passage that paraphrases an
\nentire book, or the main idea of an entire book. In that case, no page numbers are
\nincluded].<\/p>\n

In Bibliography:<\/em><\/p>\n

Lastname, Firstname. Title in Italics. Place of publication: Name of publishing house,
\nyear of publication.<\/p>\n

Spence, Jonathan D. The Search for Modern China. London: Hutchinson, 1990.<\/p>\n

[NOTE: Because a bibliography is always organized alphabetically by author\u2019s
\nsurname, the author\u2019s surname comes first in the bibliography entry.]<\/p>\n

b)<\/strong> book by more than one author<\/p>\n

In Footnote:<\/em><\/p>\n

Firstname Lastname and Firstname Lastname, Title in Italics (Place of publication:
\nName of publishing house, year of publication), page numbers.<\/p>\n

Jonathan D. Spence and Annping Chin, The Chinese Century: A Photographic
\nHistory (London: HarperCollins, 1996), 45-57.<\/p>\n

[NOTE: When paraphrasing a number of pages in a source, use a hyphen between
\npage numbers, as in \u201c45-57\u201d in this example].<\/p>\n

In Bibliography:<\/em><\/p>\n

Lastname, Firstname, and Firstname Lastname. Title in italics. Place of publication:
\nname of publishing house, year of publication.<\/p>\n

Spence, Jonathan D., and Annping Chin. The Chinese Century: A Photographic
\nHistory. London: HarperCollins, 1996.<\/p>\n

[NOTE: The first and second author are separated by a comma].<\/p>\n

If you are dealing with a publication by four or more authors, all names go into the
\nbibliography entry, but in the footnote it suffices to give the name of the first author
\nfollowed by \u201cet al” (Latin et alies, meaning \u201cand others\u201d). See the Chicago Manual
\nof Style or its website for examples.<\/p>\n

c)<\/strong> edited volume<\/p>\n

In Footnote:<\/em><\/p>\n

Firstname Lastname, ed., Title inItalics (Place of publication: Name of publishing
\nhouse, year of publication), page numbers.<\/p>\n

Michel Hockx, ed., The Literary Field of Twentieth-Century China (Richmond:
\nCurzon Press, 1999), 33.<\/p>\n

In Bibliography:<\/em><\/p>\n

Lastname, Firstname, ed. Title in Italics. Place of publication: Name of publishing
\nhouse, year of publication.<\/p>\n

Hockx, Michel, ed. The Literary Field of Twentieth-Century China. Richmond:
\nCurzon Press, 1999.<\/p>\n

d)<\/strong> translated book<\/p>\n

In Footnote:<\/em><\/p>\n

Fran\u00e7ois Furet, Interpreting the French Revolution, translated by Elborg Forster (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981), 102.<\/p>\n

In Bibliography:<\/em><\/p>\n

Furet, Fran\u00e7ois, Interpreting the French Revolution. Translated by Elborg Forster. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981.<\/p>\n

e)<\/strong> article or chapter in an edited volume<\/p>\n

Edited volumes are collections of articles by different authors, so you may find
\nyourself referring to only one particular article. In that case provide a specific reference to that article, rather than to the whole book. For the bibliography, the inclusive
\npage numbers become important, as they tell your reader where exactly in the
\nbook the particular article can be found. Note: the pages in the footnote refer to the pages actually used or cited. The pages in the bibliography refer to the entire article or chapter.<\/p>\n

In Footnote:<\/em><\/p>\n

Firstname Lastname, \u201cArticle Title in Quotes,\u201d in Book Title in Italics, ed. Firstname
\nLastname (Place of publication: Name of publishing house, year of publication), page
\nnumber or numbers.<\/p>\n

Raoul David Findeisen, \u201cFrom Literature to Love: Glory and Decline of the Love-
\nLetter Genre,\u201d in The Literary Field of Twentieth-Century China, ed. Michel Hockx
\n(Richmond: Curzon Press, 1999), 72.<\/p>\n

[NOTE that titles of articles are given in quotes and titles of
\nbooks in italics].<\/p>\n

In Bibliography:<\/em><\/p>\n

Lastname, Firstname. \u201cArticle Title in Quotes.\u201d In Book Title in Italics, edited by
\nFirstname Lastname, inclusive page numbers. Place of publication: Name of publisher, year of publication.<\/p>\n

Findeisen, Raoul David. \u201cFrom Literature to Love: Glory and Decline of the Love-
\nLetter Genre.\u201d In The Literary Field of Twentieth-Century China, edited by Michel
\nHockx, 67-98. Richmond: Curzon Press, 1999.<\/p>\n

[NOTE: \u00a0Put commas and full stops inside quotation marks. In British English commas and full stops appear outside the quotation marks. Please follow the American English convention].<\/p>\n

f)<\/strong> article in a printed journal<\/p>\n

In Footnote:<\/em><\/p>\n

Firstname Lastname, \u201cArticle Title in Quotes,\u201d Journal Title in Italics Volume Number
\n(year): page numbers of pages actually used or cited.<\/p>\n

Danielle Fuller, \u201cStrange Terrain: Re-producing and Resisting Place-Myths in Two
\nContemporary Fictions of Newfoundland,\u201d Essays on Canadian Writing 82 (2004): 21-
\n22 .<\/p>\n

In Bibliography:<\/em><\/p>\n

Fuller, Danielle. \u201cStrange terrain: Re-producing and resisting place-myths in two
\ncontemporary fictions of Newfoundland.\u201d Essays on Canadian Writing 82 (2004): 21-
\n50.<\/p>\n

Some journals have an Issue Number in addition to a Volume Number. Here is an example of how the reference should appear:<\/p>\n

In Footnote:<\/em><\/p>\n

Kathleen Scherf, \u201cA Legacy of Canadian Cultural Tradition and the Small Press: The
\nCase of Talonbooks,\u201d Studies in Canadian Literature 25, no. 1 (2000): 131.<\/p>\n

In Bibliography:<\/em><\/p>\n

Scherf, Kathleen. \u201cA Legacy of Canadian Cultural Tradition and the Small Press: The
\nCase of Talonbooks.\u201d Studies in Canadian Literature 25, no. 1 (2000): 131-49.<\/p>\n

g)<\/strong> article in an online journal<\/p>\n

This category is meant for articles published online only. Nowadays, many articles
\nthat appear in printed journals also have online versions. If you read printed articles
\nonline, you may choose to refer to them as articles in printed journals, even though
\nyou did not read them in print, or you may choose to treat them as articles in online
\njournals, in which case the format below applies.<\/p>\n

In Footnote:<\/em><\/p>\n

Jeroen de Kloet, \u201cDigitisation and Its Asian Discontents: The Internet, Politics and
\nHacking in China and Indonesia,\u201d First Monday 7, no. 9 (2002),
\nhttp:\/\/www.firstmonday.dk\/issues\/issue7_9\/kloet\/index.html (accessed September 18,
\n2007).<\/p>\n

In Bibliography:<\/em><\/p>\n

De Kloet, Jeroen. \u201cDigitisation and Its Asian Discontents: The Internet, Politics and
\nHacking in China and Indonesia.\u201d First Monday 7, no. 9 (2002),
\nhttp:\/\/www.firstmonday.dk\/issues\/issue7_9\/kloet\/index.html (accessed September 18,
\n2007).<\/p>\n

[NOTE: It is good practice to mention the date on which you accessed a particular
\nonline source, because online materials can sometimes change contents rather
\nrapidly!]<\/p>\n

h)<\/strong> repeated references to the same source:<\/p>\n

If you refer to the same source more than once in footnotes, you do not need to
\nprovide the full citation every time. After the first (full) citation, every subsequent
\ncitation in footnotes may consist of simply the author\u2019s name, a shortened title, and
\nthe page number. For instance:<\/p>\n

(footnote at first occurrence)
\nChen Xiaomei, Occidentalism: A Theory of Counter-Discourse in Post-Mao China
\n(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995), 45-56.<\/p>\n

(footnote at subsequent occurrences)
\nXiaomei, Occidentalism, 78-98.<\/p>\n

The Chicago Manual offers an option of simply citing the last name of \u00a0author and the page number for a repeat reference (for example Xiaomei, 78-98). Do not follow this form. The Department of History requires the \u2018shortened title\u2019 form. Also, The Chicago Manual no longer recommends the use of ibid. and disallows op. cit. Do not use these abbreviations.<\/p>\n

7. Other Types of Sources:<\/strong><\/p>\n

Here are examples of how to footnote documents found in archives:<\/p>\n

Tonto, \u201cTravels with the Lone Ranger,\u201d Report, July 1871, Lone Ranger papers, box 42, Library of Congress Manuscripts Division, Washington, D.C.<\/p>\n

Note that you must say what sort of document it is. In this case it is a report. A pamphlet or margin note or whatever it is that you have examined must be so labeled. The only exception is a letter. Here is an example of how to cite a letter found in the archives:<\/p>\n

Tonto to Lone Ranger, 19 September 1945, Lone Ranger papers, box 42, Library of Congress Manuscripts Division, Washington, D.C.<\/p>\n

The Chicago Manual online at the TOR demonstrates how to cite government reports, maps, and exhibitions. The Chicago Manual of Style is available in a hard copy at the Trinity College Library and online at http:\/\/www.chicagomanualofstyle.org\/tools_citationguide.html. The Manual gives details for all other types of sources you might encounter.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Notes and Bibliographies 1. Introduction: Essay writing is one of the key skills that majors in History are meant to acquire. As students carry out independent research projects for historiography, the junior seminar, the senior seminar or senior thesis, these skills are nurtured as students learn to measure their essays by the same standards as … Continue reading →<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":22,"featured_media":0,"parent":158,"menu_order":6,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/commons.trincoll.edu\/historyblog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/374"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/commons.trincoll.edu\/historyblog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/commons.trincoll.edu\/historyblog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/commons.trincoll.edu\/historyblog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/22"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/commons.trincoll.edu\/historyblog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=374"}],"version-history":[{"count":14,"href":"https:\/\/commons.trincoll.edu\/historyblog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/374\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1845,"href":"https:\/\/commons.trincoll.edu\/historyblog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/374\/revisions\/1845"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/commons.trincoll.edu\/historyblog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/158"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/commons.trincoll.edu\/historyblog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=374"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}