{"id":261,"date":"2014-01-07T22:33:20","date_gmt":"2014-01-07T22:33:20","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/commons.trincoll.edu\/sportshistory\/?p=261"},"modified":"2014-01-09T02:10:40","modified_gmt":"2014-01-09T02:10:40","slug":"basic-definitions-pcq","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/commons.trincoll.edu\/sportshistory\/2014\/01\/07\/basic-definitions-pcq\/","title":{"rendered":"Race, Nationalism, Globalization and Sports – by Jordan Adams"},"content":{"rendered":"

Theories of “Race”<\/span>\u00a0<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n

Michael Banton\u2019s piece on the theories of race help the readers understand how the idea of race came to be and how different races were identified. Cuvier believed that one\u2019s physical prowess determined the quality of their culture and the limits of their mental abilities. Banton\u2019s article explains the theories behind racism, a social response that cannot be inherited, yet can be learned through social practices. The creation behind different races seems to be linked to the belief that whites were superior beings to humans of different color, race allowed European colonists to justify their capitalist motives in foreign territories.<\/p>\n

Banton points out that while discrimination and crime are inevitable parts of society, racial discrimination places certain people within a perceived social category solely based off of differences in appearance. The theories of race piece also explain a shift in the use of different racial identifications from one that justified exploitation of labor to practices of expulsion.<\/p>\n

Race<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n

Mikalila and Lemonik declare that race was born out of capitalist beliefs, those who could not advance as quickly or as efficiently as the Europeans did must be lesser beings.\u00a0 Colonizing the Irish helped establish a racial dominance that the British spread throughout the expansion of their empire. If race was not born out of capitalism it must have been a belief founded in religion where whites claimed that blacks must be lesser beings because they believed they were the descendants of Ham. What caught my attention was the creation of the IQ test in 1905 that was used to justify expectations about racial difference in intelligence. The international context piece explains that\u00a0 not everything was determined solely on the scale of black and white, race could be determined through other mediums such as their social status and level of education. In this sense Latin Americans and Caribbean people placed people on a race scale based on their level of knowledge and economic standing.<\/p>\n

\u00a0Sports and Race<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n

Carrington\u2019s sports and race article discusses the use of physical attributes to determine ones race. In sports it seems as if race was being discussed solely through physical difference instead of using some of the socially and culturally constructed differences that lead people to different ideas and beliefs about race. Again Carrinton mentions how race originally was used to justify the exploitation of others for the benefit of European nations. To civilize those of other races their customs and social beliefs had to be altered and fit more along the lines of the customs of British officials.<\/p>\n

The idea of wiping away the already created culture of an area and forcibly establishing the European philosophy upon concurred societies is represented through the acceptance of soccer as the national sport of Mexico, instead of Ulama which was an established sport prior to British influence.<\/p>\n

Carrington\u2019s article also discusses the influence of athletes like Jack Johnson who fought toe to toe with whites in the public sphere. Johnson\u2019s ability to best whites in athletic competition led to further inclusion of blacks in many sports. Because of the public nature of Jack Johnson\u2019s victories and the efforts of Jackie Robinson and Joe Louis blacks were able to enjoy small victories against the racial oppression they faced daily.<\/p>\n

Racial science however put a damper on some of these victories by claiming that blacks were better suited for athletic competition. by creating this belief that blacks are better athletes it allowed for whites to better savor the victories they did have in athletics claiming they wanted it more. It also raises flags on the lack of black owners in athletic leagues and power positions within sports.<\/p>\n

Nation and Nationalism\/Nation-State and Nationalism\/Nationalism and Sport<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

The articles written by Miller, Cox, and Bairner discuss the relationship between the nation the connection people have through their religion and beliefs. These articles make the arguments that nations are built upon a few attributes<\/p>\n

\u201cThese usually include attributes such as a common language, a shared culture, a contiguous territory, a common stock of memories and shared sense of belonging, which becomes the bases for the veneration of or the placing of demands on an existing state, or the striving for a new state.\u201d (24)<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

A nation has to be built on a sense of community through sport, competition and shared beliefs argues Cox\u00a0 in his \u201cNature of Nations\u201d segment. Cox also states that nations come together to fulfill certain requirements within their society including continued capitalism and maintaining the interests of the upper-class. The nationalism and modernity section discusses the importance of nations establishing roots within the public that create an emotional connection among the public.<\/p>\n

Bairner\u2019s section focuses more on the impact of national sports and the relationship it has with the public, political figures, and the national impact. Sports help citizens and fans express their pride in their nation and further establish a national identity through competitive sport. however Bairner also mentions the possibility of the connection between sports and nationalism weakening due to the negative impact of capitalism.<\/p>\n

\u00a0Questions:<\/h3>\n
    \n
  • Why does this shift of old nationalism convince people to make their identities based off of regions, religions and lifestyles?<\/span><\/li>\n
  • Why does that shift lead to the expulsion of those who don\u2019t fit within the lines?<\/span><\/li>\n
  • How were the racial expectations of the IQ test determined?<\/li>\n
  • what kinds of intelligence tests were used to help support the belief that that racial difference and racial inferiority go hand in hand?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

     <\/p>\n

    Mapping the global football field: a sociological model of transnational forces within the world game<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n

    Introduction<\/span><\/strong><\/h3>\n

    This reading focused on the global impact of football as a sport while also diving into how different football teams and leagues are run throughout the world. The article states that football as a sport and business can be used to increase the level of global connectivity between different countries. Using the world cup as an example, the sport of football weaves together a connected experience for countries that otherwise may not interact in a widely accessible and public manner.<\/p>\n

    The global football field: a conceptual map<\/span><\/strong><\/h3>\n

    The conceptual map section of the article breaks the sport and its influence into four different factions Neo-liberalism, neo mercantilism, global civil society, and international governance. The four quadrants help establish certain meanings and attitudes towards the social phenomena that is international football.<\/p>\n

    The mapping the four quadrants section explain the relationship between some of the neo mercantilist ideas to the way the game operates between different nations and states. The football association and systems in place that help maintain the leagues are tied into some of the neo-mercantilist beliefs.<\/p>\n

    \u201cIn football, national associations are empowered formally by the global governing body (FIFA) to control the game within member nation states and to run national football teams; and, national league systems are authorized to organize national club competitions.\u201d (222)<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

    This mapping section also explains the different ways teams operate depending on their size and popularity. Smaller nations and smaller teams tend to focus on maintaining their fan base as well as continuing to build upon their own programs by improving players and coaches as well as building facilities and attendance ratings. Large teams generally don\u2019t have the same issues or concerns and focus their attention on larger incomes for owners and players and bringing their brand to larger international markets.<\/p>\n

    This section also tries to explain the differences between certain football leagues by describing the English league as one that is fast and full of exciting plays while the Italian leagues generally are more sophisticated in their approach to the game relying on the skills of players and tactics drawn up by coaches.<\/p>\n

    Individuals and TNC football forces<\/span><\/strong><\/h3>\n

    In the section focused on the individual fans and TNC football forces the article discusses how the individual is generally the focal point of any changes made within different football leagues. The author argues that fans of football are becoming more like free agents that have to be picked up by larger teams and leagues and somewhat courted.<\/p>\n

    As the ability to watch different teams, players, and leagues continue to grow there are no longer any limitations on where and how a football fan spends his or her money. The fact that more games have become available has largely benefited the larger programs and teams however as they are given more attention than smaller clubs.<\/p>\n

    Teams like Manchester United, Arsenal, Liverpool, and Real Madrid have benefited greatly from the increased exposure available through advances in satellite television and pay-tv systems. When this section moves on to discuss players moving from league to league it highlights the actions of players from Brazil who have continually been shipped out to different teams all throughout Europe.<\/p>\n

    The success of these Brazilian players however has a negative effect on the teams in Southern America, who without the same talent level and attraction as some of the top European teams have struggled financially to pay players and get out of debt.<\/p>\n

    The next section highlights the relationship between international governance and governing bodies.<\/p>\n

    \u201cInternational relations emerged from the expansion of colonialism, heightened international diplomacy, and global warfare, and have been marked more recently by the explosive growth in formal organizations that administer individual activities and social life.\u201d (226)<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

    The larger clubs and organizations come together to organize play between some of the top teams because they know it draws a lot of attention and increases the interest in some of their teams. This section also mentions that it is the international governing bodies that have to prevent clubs from switching national league systems. These international governing bodies are in charge or regulating such events as the World Cup, European championship, and Copa America.<\/p>\n

    Concluding Comments<\/span><\/strong><\/h3>\n

    In the concluding statements at the end of the article the authors conclude that larger clubs will continue to compete over revenue and resources. National leagues and international governing bodies will do the same in the pursuit of the best players, more lucrative sponsors, and large television contracts that can continue to spread their brands.<\/p>\n

    Questions:<\/span><\/h3>\n
      \n
    • \u00a0<\/span>How does the way national football associations compare to the ways other international sports organize themselves?<\/span><\/li>\n
    • How could small market teams compete with or gain larger shares of the fan market when they aren’t able to increase the popularity of their brand as effectively due to the fact that they are focused on maintaining their current fan base?<\/li>\n
    • Why wouldn’t players from strong soccer backgrounds such as Brazil opt to stay in their home country and play for Brazil club teams in an effort to make south American leagues as prevalent as some of the European leagues?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

      Theories of “Race”\u00a0 Michael Banton\u2019s piece on the theories of race help the readers understand how the idea of race came to be and how different races were identified. Cuvier believed that one\u2019s physical prowess determined the quality of their culture and the limits of their mental abilities. Banton\u2019s article explains the theories behind racism, […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":716,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[44,43,46],"tags":[38,36,30,37],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/commons.trincoll.edu\/sportshistory\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/261"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/commons.trincoll.edu\/sportshistory\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/commons.trincoll.edu\/sportshistory\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/commons.trincoll.edu\/sportshistory\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/716"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/commons.trincoll.edu\/sportshistory\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=261"}],"version-history":[{"count":9,"href":"https:\/\/commons.trincoll.edu\/sportshistory\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/261\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":271,"href":"https:\/\/commons.trincoll.edu\/sportshistory\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/261\/revisions\/271"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/commons.trincoll.edu\/sportshistory\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=261"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/commons.trincoll.edu\/sportshistory\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=261"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/commons.trincoll.edu\/sportshistory\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=261"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}