Citation Exercise

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I chose to do my literature search on the topic of “racial segregation.” The first source I chose was a paperback book called, The Civil Rights Act of 1964: The Passage of the Law That Ended Racial Segregation. I chose this particular source, because I thought it seemed interesting. Additionally, I found the cover to be quite comedic and entertaining. Lastly, the material in the book appears to have a lot of information that could broaden my understanding of the course material in the class.

The second source I picked out for this particular assignment is a DVD called, “In the Land of Jim Crow: Growing Up Segregated.” I picked this source, because I really love to watch movies and it would provide me with great insight into the lives of those marginalized from society prior to the numerous reformations in housing policies (more importantly, to see which living conditions still exist).

The third source is an article entitled, “Mapping Racial Segregation in New York City” excerpted from “New York Magazine.” I chose this source, because we have studied numerous maps of Connecticut in this class. Additionally, I thought it would be interesting to see how the trends of racial segregation compare between the two states (Connecticut and New York). Maps are an imperative component in discovering the truth about certain regions and districts. Nothing quite like a visual!

The fourth source is featured on the opinion pages of the online edition of the “New York Times.” The story is called, “Is Segregation Back in the U.S. Public Schools?” I chose this particular source, because I thought it fit in quite well with the material we are learning in class. Not only does it discuss racial segregation, however, it discusses the public educational systems of America (a topic which is under great debate in our classroom).

The fifth source is a segment entitled “Ordinance for Race Segregation in Baltimore,” which was abstracted from the Hartford Courant (1764-1922). I chose it, because it is highly beneficial for research to get actual historical accounts. Additionally, there are a lot of similarities between Baltimore and Hartford; it would be interesting to explore the similarities and differences in terms of their racial segregation policies back in the early 1900’s between these two cities. The sixth source, which was also abstracted from the Hartford Courant, is “Negro Segregation Law Enjoined.” I chose this source, because I thought it would be fascinating to see a historical account on a particular case in court (especially considering that the trial occurred in a southern court house).

The last source was abstracted from “Britannica Online Encyclopedia.” I chose this source, because it was a definition of “racial segregation.” Additionally, Encyclopedia Britannica is a very reliable source.

 

WORKS CITED

In the Land of Jim Crow: Growing Up Segregated. Phoenix Learning Group, Inc., 2008. Film.

“Is Segregation Back in U.S. Public Schools? – Room for Debate.” The New York Times. Web. 21 Sept. 2012.

Loevy, Robert D., ed. The Civil Rights Act of 1964: The Passage of the Law That Ended Racial Segregation. State University of New York Press, 1997. Print.

“NEGRO SEGREGATION LAW ENJOINED: District Judge Grants Injunction Against St. Louis Ordinance.” The Hartford Courant (1887-1922) 18 Apr. 1916 : 17. Print.

“Ordinance For Race Segregation In Baltimore.” The Hartford Courant (1887-1922) 26 Sept. 1913 : 1. Print.

“Racial Segregation — Britannica Online Encyclopedia.” Encyclopedia Britannica. Web. 21 Sept. 2012.

Tiku, Nitasha. “Mapping Racial Segregation in New York City.” Daily Intel. Web. 21 Sept. 2012.

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Geography of Opportunity

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“Geography of Opportunity”

On a nationwide level, there is a huge discrepancy in the level of “opportunities” that are available from neighborhood to neighborhood. In reality, depending on the neighborhood, city, region, or state, you live in, your quality of life, success in the future, and ability to thrive in modern day society puts you at either an advantage or disadvantage. According to the report, “People, Place, and Opportunity” done by the Kirwin Institute, in order to achieve success in today’s world, you need an “access to opportunity”. This entails, however is not limited to, “…obtaining a quality education, living in safe and affordable housing, being connected to employment networks, living in a community that has access to fresh, healthy foods, and a variety of features similar to these” (Kirwin 1). These places that provide “access to opportunity” however have a disturbing and undeniable trend nationwide. The research done in Connecticut indicate that the cities that offer the “lowest opportunity access” are predominantly inhabited by those of minority groups—particularly African Americans and Latinos. Subsequently, it is evident that those of the Caucasian ethnicity are put at an immediate advantage in life and are more likely to achieve socio-economic success than those marginalized from society.

Various measures have been done to provide housing to those who are not as economically fortunate. Numerous neighborhoods around the country contain subsidized family housing units for those that fall below the poverty line. In Connecticut, nearly “60% of all subsidized family housing units are located in areas with low access to opportunity,” which in effect makes it difficult to achieve any sense of status or self-worth in society. Unfortunately, this trend does not solely pertain to Connecticut. In reality, this is a trend that is prominent throughout the nation.

Why is this you might ask? Why is it that these subsidized family housing units are essentially only built in these neighborhoods of low opportunity? These units are not constructed to benefit these residents and assist them with achieving a better of quality life. In reality, it seems as though they are constructed to ensure that the residents remain marginalized from society and remain segregated from the Caucasian population. Although there have been various reformations in the housing policies of America

(such as the Fair Housing Act), the numerous policies that have been enacted in our history have “shaped the landscape of opportunity” and this landscape still exists today (Kirwin Institute, 14). Some of these policies were just blatant examples of discrimination; however there are unjust ones that remain today that are legal, simply because they are phrased in a way that mask their underlying intentions.

One of these policies is called “exclusionary zoning.” Exclusionary zoning is basically a formal policy that does not appear overly

discriminatory to the untrained eye; however, it is solely in effect to preserve and essentially promote segregation. Exclusionary zoning entails (but is not limited to) putting “restrictions or bans on multi-family development, minimum lot sizes, age-restricted

zoning, and low-density zoning [which] limit[s] the opportunities for low-income families or people of color to

move to the suburbs, for both renters and owners” (Kirwin, 20). A study conducted by the Housing Center of Great Boston showed that “80% of the census tracts with restrictive zoning were either very-high or high-opportunity tracts, compared to 43% in remaining tracts” (Kirwin, 20). This statistic just shows how there is clearly an interest on behalf of the government to keep the rich, rich and the poor, poor…and in addition to that: keep them entirely separated. To keep these neighborhoods of high opportunity away from minority groups and individuals that could essentially jeopardize the neighborhood’s “esteemed status”, the exclusionary zoning policy makes the neighborhood unattainable to these individuals. Making the prices of the homes in these wealthy suburbs very expensive is just one way to preserve the neighborhood’s racial composition. Additionally, the homes are constructed on large land lots, are rather lavish, and are predominantly single-family homes. Consequently, this policy makes it incredibly difficult for subsidized housing units to be built in affluent neighborhoods and thus ensures that the minor

ity groups and those that are not as financially stable remain marginalized from society in these areas of “low opportunity”.

 

Sources:

“People, Place, and Opportunity: Mapping Communities of Opportunity in Connecticut” A Report Commissioned by Connecticut Fair Housing Center.

 

Pictures:

http://www.google.com/imgres?q=exclusionary+zoning&um=1&hl=en&client=safari&sa=X&rls=en&biw=1265&bih=639&tbm=isch&tbnid=2Q__CvPE7Po4OM:&imgrefurl=http://www.celdf.org/non-rights-based-fracking-ordinances-ny&docid=i3pylrl31huXgM&imgurl=http://www.celdf.org/img/original/NY%252520map%252520for%252520non%252520rights%252520based%252520efforts%252520101411.jpg&w=4400&h=3400&ei=oIRWUIn9L6qX0QGrxYGoCQ&zoom=1&iact=rc&dur=3&sig=101779882543164830784&page=1&tbnh=128&tbnw=166&start=0&ndsp=18&ved=1t:429,r:9,s:0,i:103&tx=85&ty=65

 

http://www.google.com/imgres?q=exclusionary+zoning+neighborhood&um=1&hl=en&client=safari&rls=en&biw=1054&bih=532&tbm=isch&tbnid=3orp-Pr9TzWDuM:&imgrefurl=http://www.slate.com/blogs/moneybox/2012/04/05/exclusionary_zoning_in_action.html&docid=Yo7Skhd_SAHuYM&imgurl=http://www.slate.com/content/dam/slate/blogs/moneybox/2012/04/05/exclusionary_zoning_in_action/1333649698299.jpg.CROP.article568-large.jpg&w=568&h=426&ei=OoVWUKuqKKXs0gHfyYG4Cg&zoom=1&iact=rc&dur=643&sig=101779882543164830784&page=1&tbnh=152&tbnw=203&start=0&ndsp=9&ved=1t:429,r:1,s:0,i:75&tx=149&ty=56

 

http://www.google.com/imgres?q=exclusionary+zoning&um=1&hl=en&client=safari&sa=X&rls=en&biw=1054&bih=532&tbm=isch&tbnid=KCOgsvZtb2gQlM:&imgrefurl=http://affordablehousinginstitute.org/blogs/us/2010/11/warts-and-all-keep-chapter-40b-2.html&docid=o5Tb9ZY0PP3TqM&imgurl=http://affordablehousinginstitute.org/blogs/us/wp-content/uploads/Chapa_signpost_11.jpg&w=372&h=480&ei=5oRWUN6TL4fs0gG4xoHYBQ&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=638&vpy=5&dur=117&hovh=306&hovw=237&tx=87&ty=94&sig=101779882543164830784&page=1&tbnh=162&tbnw=117&start=0&ndsp=9&ved=1t:429,r:7,s:0,i:94

Home Simulation Assignment

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Objective: Given a demographic profile of a Hartford family, how would you obtain information and make decisions about buying versus renting in the city or surrounding suburbs, and the type of school your child would attend?

For this particular home simulation assignment, I found my results somewhat unsettling. To begin, I calculated an appropriate home price that my family could afford given the current economic situation (anywhere between conservatively $127,638.63 and aggressively $143,227.27). To my surprise, I found many homes in surrounding suburbs that were within this budget; however, the qualities of life were entirely lacking compared to wealthier areas of the state.

One part of the assignment entailed doing some research on the schools my children would be able to attend if we decide to move to one of these suburbs (Manchester, Windsor Locks, E. Windsor, and Bloomfield). To begin, Manchester has 29 schools that are located within its district. However, after having visited the online journal of “Manchester Patch,” I regretfully discovered that the 2012 CMT and CAPT test scores fell under the state average level in both proficiency and goal. The author of the article argued that a significant contributor in these results pertains to the lack of funding that is invested into the school. Unfortunately, this poor performance in both the CAPT and CMT scores seemed to be a trend within all of the other potential school districts (Windsor Locks, E. Windsor, and Bloomfield) I picked out for my family.  Additionally, I feel as though the arts are imperative for a child’s success in the world and thus I found it essential that the school I choose to send my children to has an adequate arts program. Unfortunately, the arts suffered coincidently with the suffered budget. Most of the schools offered a mere arts class or an afterschool choral group. This did not seem fit.

This particular assignment was incredibly eye opening in terms of how unjust the public educational system of Connecticut (as well as in other states of America) is. I obtained a large amount of the data I used for my project from the website, www.schooldigger.com. This website was essentially a guide to all of the schools in Connecticut—their rankings, student and parent reviews, and scores—which in effect give great insight into the qualities of life of each respected district. To my dismay, the trends in the rankings reflected the economic status of each town. All of the schools that were located within Fairfield County (arguably one of the wealthiest counties in the state) dominated the “Top 10 Schools in the State” list. It is undeniable that there is a significant discrepancy in the funding to the schools that are not as affluent. It is terrible to think that a child must sacrifice his or her level of education simply because of financial matters. Children should not be brought into the world neither at a disadvantage nor at an advantage, simply because of the socio-economic status in which they were born into.