Step 1: Plagiarize any portion of the original text by copying portions of it word-for-word.
Attempts to isolate the individual effects of a teacher through their students’ test scores are alarmingly error prone. The value-added scores also fluctuate between years. A teacher who gets a particular ranking in year one is likely to get a different ranking the next year. There will always be instability in these rankings, some of which will reflect “real” performance changes.
Step 2: Plagiarize any portion of the original text by paraphrasing its structure too closely.
Economist Sean Corcoran who studied the teacher evaluation systems in New York City and Houston found that the average “margin of error” was plus or minus 28 points for a New York City teacher.
Step 3: Plagiarize any portion of the original text by paraphrasing its structure too closely, with a citation the original source (using any academic citation style).
Economist Sean Corcoran who studied the teacher evaluation systems in New York City and Houston found that the average “margin of error” was plus or minus 28 points for a New York City teacher, which means that “a teacher who has ranked at the 43rd percentile compared to his or her peers might actually be anywhere between the 15th percentile and the 71st percentile” (Ravitch, 2011).
Step 4: Properly paraphrase any portion of the original text by restating the author’s ideas in your own diction and style, and include a citation to the original source.
As value-added assessments of teacher evaluation are prone to having large margins of error, it is not a reliable method of identifying the impact of individual teachers from year to year (Ravitch, 2011).
Step 5: Properly paraphrase any portion of the original text by restating the author’s ideas in your own diction and style, supplemented with a direct quotation of a key phrase, and include a citation to the original source.
As value-added assessments of teacher evaluation are prone to having large margins of error, it is not a reliable method of identifying the impact of individual teachers from year to year. An economist at the New York University, Sean Corcoran found when using such teacher evaluation systems that “the average ‘margin of error’ of a New York City teacher was plus or minus 28 points” (Ravitch, 2011) and leads to teachers being ranked inaccurately.
Works Cited:
Diane Ravitch, The Death and Life of the Great American School System(New York: Basic Books, 2011), pp. 270-71.