Step 1: Plagiarize any portion of the original text by copying portions of it word-for-word.
No measure is perfect, but the estimates of value-added and other “growth models,” which attempt to isolate the “true effect” of an individual teacher through his or her students’ test scores, are alarmingly error-prone in any given year.
Step 2: Plagiarize any portion of the original text by paraphrasing its structure too closely, without copying it word-for-word.
However, it is hard to believe any score if the chances of having the same score next time are low.
Step 3: Plagiarize any portion of the original text by paraphrasing its structure too closely, with a citation the original source (using any academic citation style). Remember, even if you include a citation, paraphrasing too closely is still plagiarism.
Diane Ravitch states that a teacher who has a score in a year may not have the same score the next year (270-71).
Step 4: Properly paraphrase any portion of the original text by restating the author’s ideas in your own diction and style, and include a citation to the original source.
Diane Ravitch says it is possible that a teacher get different rankings every year (270-71).
Step 5: Properly paraphrase any portion of the original text by restating the author’s ideas in your own diction and style, supplemented with a direct quotation of a key phrase, and include a citation to the original source.
Diane Ravitch states that any evaluation system is not reliable “if the odds of getting the same rating next year are no better than a coin toss” (270-71).
Works Cited
Ravitch, Diane. The Death and Life of the Great American School System: How Testing
dddddand Choice Are Undermining Education. Rev. and expanded ed. New York: Basic
dddddBooks, 2011. Print.