Few can deny that the producers at Pixar are capable of taking moviegoers on an emotional journey. Of the 15 Pixar films in the past 20 years, I can’t think of one that didn’t invoke several strong emotions, or a pull on my own heartstrings. They started two decades ago with Buzz and Woody in Toy Story, graduating to Nemo, WALL-E, Lightning McQueen, and most recently Riley of Inside Out.   The producers at Pixar certainly understand how to play to the audience’s emotions. Yet, Inside Out was different. The film was about emotions, and how they affected Riley in her tumultuous year that was compressed into 90 minutes. See, Inside Out was the first Pixar Film to make me think about what I was feeling as I was watching the movie. I cried when Bing Bong sacrificed himself so Joy could escape the abyss of the Memory Dump – but why was I crying? Was I crying because Pixar wanted me to cry, or simply because for a few moments I was transported to a more juvenile state where I could express my emotions freely? A week has passed since I saw the film, and I think I have finally realized why I was crying. The tears were the product of fear – a fear of forgetting those memories that I cherish, but are constantly being overwritten by newer memories. Perhaps this stems from a now deceased grandmother who had Alzheimer’s, and would constantly confuse me with my uncles, or worse, not even remember me at all. It was annoying at first, then terrifying, to have all these memories abandoned, forgotten and wiped. The visual depiction in the film was a strong one of bowling ball shaped ‘memories’ darkening and finally turning into dust. I could imagine this happening in the chasms of my own brain at an increasing rate – and the fear that comes along with it.

This realization brought about an internal dialogue on the differences between fear and anxiety. Was it anxiety or fear that drove my thoughts? There is a distinct difference, of fear being an emotional response to an implicit danger, and anxiety being the threat of a perceived danger. This I knew, but I believe the line between the two is not so sharp as some would like to believe. I will try to navigate the divide between fear and anxiety, however Inside Out allowed me to recognize the importance of all emotions – Joy, Sadness, Disgust, Fear and Anger.

As an older sister to a 7 and 12 year old, I am extremely familiar with animated movies, particularly those well loved Pixar and Disney films our society holds so dear. Last weekend, along with about two dozen other college students, I sat through (and enjoyed) Cinestudio’s showing of Inside Out and Professor Helt’s interpretation and analysis of the film.

The movie allows one a glimpse into the mind of a young girl and five of her six core emotions, Joy, Fear, Sadness, Anger, and Disgust, each in the form of a humanoid, three dimensional character “living” in her brain (with the final, non-personified emotion being surprise). Simply put, core emotions are those that are expressed universally, with culturally specific characteristics, with neurons firing, resulting in distinct, shared facial or audible reactions (Ekman). For example, any surprised person is likely to jump, gasp, and make a startled face, recognizable even in photos. In the movie, one is allowed the chance to directly visualize Riley’s exact feelings at a given moment through the actions of core emotions, which play bigger roles than most of the other characters. In reality, however, one cannot look into another person’s mind to ascertain their thoughts and must instead ascertain them otherwise, often using facial expressions to make such judgments. In the late 1970’s, researchers Ekman and Friesen came up with the Facial Action Coding System, which, as evidenced by the name, is the only method by which particular facial movements are scored. These recorded movements were then studied to come up with inferences directly relating to emotion and emotional expression. What they found was that all emotions, while they may or may not have a variety of sounds or actions associated with them, all have a distinct facial expression or set of facial muscle movements (Ekman). Your expression, therefore, is truly the most important indicator of how you feel at a given time.

Young Riley spend most of her life influenced by Joy, spending her time ice skating and having fun with her family and friends. However, as she turns 11, she hits the point in her life when such perpetual happiness no longer applies to such a degree, as is common at that time of pre-pubescence and end of childhood (Keltner and Ekman, 2015). Instead, the other core emotions begin scramble for control, to such extremes, that the young character experiences a numbness and emotionless dip mirroring that of depression.

Professor Helt claims that, just as in the movie, we all do tend to have a primary or dominant core emotions, though probably not the over-simplified degree expressed by the characters. For example, at the very beginning of the movie, Riley’s dominant emotion was joy, while her father’s was anger and her mother’s sadness. In reality, most people would also identify with a single emotion, as well, with the majority claiming joy to be theirs. Life changes, like Riley’s family’s move, can result in a sudden shift in emotional stability, sometimes even altering which core emotion dominates the conscious.

Riley’s emotional evolution is heavily based on an increase of Sadness’s influence, rather than simply a drop in Joy’s. It’s not as though a switch flicks in Riley’s mind and she’s automatically painfully desolate; rather, a series of unlucky and unforeseen losses allow Sadness to take control, in minute measures. However, both Professor Helt and Keltner and Ekman’s article agree that the movie’s portrayal of this Sadenss is somewhat inaccurate as the character’s depiction is a little too extreme, with features such as sluggishness and extreme pessimism mirroring attributes more akin to depression. Regardless of how it’s portrayed, the movie’s message is clear; the expression of sadness is necessary and can lead to happiness eventually, once the emotion has been properly processed.

After all, a single emotion is not enough for a functional, realistic life; they must all be felt for one to be considered “healthy.” This validation of sadness as a natural emotion and precursor to happiness, however, isn’t exactly reinforced by our society, which supports false optimism far more, leading to people feeling the need to apologize for sadness and thus numb themselves to avoid expressing or even feeling it at all. However, numbing negativity also numbs happiness, which as seen in Riely’s case, leads to a squelching of emotions and plummet into depression, where emotions have less of an effect and one can slowly lose interest in the things they love, resulting in a single dimensional personality. Though it seems counterintuitive, the happiest people are those who allow themselves to feel every emotion, including the difficult ones.

Emotions are the basis for people’s personality, memories, and the general autonomic expression. They are all equally important to ensuring an individual’s mental health and stability, regardless of whether they are considered to be “positive” or “negative” emotions.

“Happiness is a choice”. It’s a phrase that mom and dad would utter again and again as I toiled through my angst filled years. But did I really have a choice? Was it up to me? For Riley, the protagonist of the film Inside Out, the delegation of emotion was far beyond her control. In fact, the catalyst for Riley’s emotions comes from Joy, the physical representation of the emotion happiness. The people who inhabit Riley’s brain and control her emotions and memories are the characters: Anger, Fear, Sadness, Disgust, and Joy. These characters emulate the emotion that their names would suggest, and with Joy at the helm, the team does their best to guide Riley through life.

So, was it up to me? Was it up to Riley? Do we really have complete control over our own emotions? As professor Molly Helt, and others, would explain during the discussion that followed the film, the answer is not quite black and white. Through the pioneering work of Dr. Paul Ekman and many others it has been found that our emotions, which are largely defined by our facial expressions, provide the basis for our perception of the world. For example, if we are angry we are most likely to nitpick and find qualms with any incoming situation. Conversely, if we are happy we are more likely to find the upside in our life. However, emotions do not only affect our perception and interpretation of our surroundings. Ones interpretations of memories can be largely based off the emotions that you feel while you are recalling the events.

At its core the film centers around Riley’s struggle with her transition to a new city. She fights her way through her first days of school, her first hockey tryouts, and the loss of old friends. All the while Riley feels immense pressure to keep her head up, adapt, and enjoy her new home. However, all Riley wants to do is go home. She pressures herself to make the choice to be happy, even though straying from her emotions worsens her situation. It is not until Riley embraces her underlying sadness that she is able to start her progress towards happiness. The film stresses the importance of how our emotions, especially sadness, hold the key to moving towards something better, something positive. Ultimately, it is Riley’s sadness that brings her the greatest joy.

Throughout the movie Inside Out, five out six of the commonly accepted universal
emotions are personified within the brain of a little girl, Riley. These five emotions are Joy,
Anger, Sadness, Disgust and Fear (the 6th emotion that was left out was Surprise). In Riley’s brain, the emotion that often seems to control her life is Joy. When we get a quick glimpse inside of the brain of Riley’s mother, it appears that Sadness is her main emotion. For Riley’s father, it’s Anger. Until our discussion after the movie, I didn’t think much of this detail- it seemed to me that the directors of the movie were just trying to mix up the characters so they weren’t all the same. However, during our discussion I learned that for a lot of people, there is one emotion that dominates them. The more I thought about this, the more sense it made. There are clearly people who get angry easier and more often than others, as well as people who seem overly cautious or who become disgusted easily. I believe that if I had a control board in my head similar to the one in the movie, Joy would be dominating it. When we discussed the dominant emotions of the parents, another interesting detail came up: as they age, women’s dominant emotion often becomes sadness, and males often become anger. When thinking about this detail while looking
at Riley’s life, the character Sadness definitely inherited a larger role as the movie progressed. While Joy seemed to run most of Riley’s childhood, she and Sadness started running Riley’s adolescent years together. If Disney and Pixar created another Inside Out movie about Riley as an older woman, would we see that her dominant emotion had completely turned to Sadness? Although there were a lot of small details throughout the movie that resonated true to me, I can only hope that this is not one of them. Although it can be easy to lose some of the fun-loving qualities of the childhood years that Joy brought to Riley, I refuse to give her up as my dominant emotion.

The story of Inside Out follows Riley and her family as they move their hometown in Minnesota to San Francisco. The Disney/Pixar animated movie follows five core emotions, Joy, Fear, Anger, Disgust, and, Sadness. As we follow Riley throughout her move, we become acquainted with each basic emotion and experience the complexities of emotions that Riley feels as a result of her move.

The beginning of the movie is largely dominated with Joy dictating most of the ‘controls’ in Riley’s command center. Joy prided herself on the four core memories that Riley has experienced, each of which was surrounded on a particular theme. These themes were family, trust, friendship, and hockey. These core memories focusing around times when Riley experienced immense joy, were on special display within the control center, which the movie portrayed as something akin to a marble. In the movie, memories were obtained through these marbles coming into the control center with a particular color: yellow denoting happiness, red – anger, green – disgust etc. For much of the movie, Riley’s memories were a single color – all memories were entirely dictated by one emotion. What I most enjoyed about Inside Out was the “long-term storage” area within Riley’s brain along with the commentary of the consolidation or removed of old memories. The movie accurately represented the ways in which memories are held within our brains. There are certain memories, referred to as flashbulb memories, which I found relevant to the movie’s usage of core memories. A flashbulb memory can be thought of a memory that is remembered very vividly or one that has significant emotional significance. Although most flashbulb memories are thought of with respect to negative feelings, it is possible to have positive flashbulb memories. Further, as Joy and Sadness were exploring Riley’s long term storage area, they stumbled across characters whose job was to dispose of memories that had lost their color, which signified that they were no longer memories that Riley had placed salience on. In many respects, this is accurate to our current understanding of the acquisition and holding of certain memories. We tend to hold on to memories with emotional significant or memories that we may need to recall, such as a birthday; whereas less important memories, such as someone’s telephone number, can be a memory for which salience can be easily lost.

As the movie concluded and the difficulties that Riley dealt with as a result of her move, we began to see a more mature Joy and Riley. Joy was able to learn that there is no scale for happiness without sadness and that a more complete individual is one who can appreciate the highs but power through the lows. Inside Out was able to beautifully capture not only the coming of age story or Riley but also the inherent struggles that we all go through in our lives, when we realize that the core memories that Joy had always thought were pure happiness was actually the result of another extreme emotion.

After having seen Inside Out, I would say that my experience was not as expected. Though the movie tugs at the heat-strings, it was not particularly satisfying. Riley went through a lot of changes in this movie, and in a way progressed and matured emotionally in the span of two hours. But I still felt that she had not learned much by the end of the movie. Riley’s personified emotions learned that Sadness can bring back your emotions when you have gone emotionless, but does Riley know that? What would prevent her from becoming emotionless if another major change happens in her life? What was most frustrating was that we hardly heard Riley’s own thoughts and reflections, as they were reflected from the point of view of her personified emotions. I feel the movie could have benefitted by an ‘inner voice’ where we can hear what Riley is thinking throughout the movie, and then see how her way of thinking and decision-making changes from the beginning of the film to the end.

Furthermore, I took issue with Joy (as I feel I was supposed to). She essentially acts as a bully to Sadness and belittles her through majority of the film. Meanwhile, she is revered as the hero by all the other emotions. Perhaps Joy represents our culture of never revealing our sadness to others. Just as Sandness seems friend-less in the film, we consider sadness as an emotion experienced in solitude. Meanwhile, happiness or joy is most often experienced in the company of others. The main example of this is Riley’s memory of the day her teammates surrounded her to cheer her up after a hockey game. We see Riley alone, and the memory is blue, indicating sadness, then when others come in to the picture to cheer her up, she becomes happy. It’s no coincidence that sadness and loneliness go hand in hand. In sharing our true emotion with others, we can deal with and address negative feelings such as Sadness. Perhaps the reason why Joy has a somewhat dislikable character is to show the adult audience how absurd it is to constantly maintain an outward appearance of happiness. We all have a full range of emotion, but by hiding our sadness from others, it cannot be properly addressed.

Another small issue I took with the film is that Riley got a completely new personality (personality islands) over the course of a day. If anything, her personality islands would be in a constant state of renovation, so that at any point, “Silliness Island” is in the process of becoming “A Good Sense of Humor” island, and so-on. Furthermore, the subconscious should have contained many many memories of her parents, as I feel that a lot of who we are at our core is shaped by our experiences as children (just like subconscious fears). In fact, the personality islands and the bridges that lead to them should be made of her memories. The memories do not sit around living out their shelf-life until they get recycled; they are used to change her brain and therefore personality. We are, in most part, who we were and what we have experienced.

An interesting avenue to explore within the world of Inside Out would be the role of touch. Good touch and bad touch seem to have a huge impact on our memory. For example, Riley’s immediate family always interact with her with ‘good touch’ and I think that facilities their feeling of familial love and closeness. Riley would likely react in a very negative way if her parents suddenly stopped with the good-night kisses, but otherwise kept interacting with her in the same way. We were able to experience what Riley was seeing and hearing, but touch is a major sense that cannot be overlooked when it comes to certain memories.

Overall I think is a good movie for children. Not only will it hopefully spark their interest in Neuroscience, but it will help them better understand their own emotions and hopefully shows them the importance of sharing their emotions, both the positive emotions and especially the negative ones.

By Ali Gold

Finals week is approaching, which means stress levels are rising. Maybe this increase in anxiety manifests itself in bouncing feet, or transforming pens and pencils into drumsticks. Coping skills vary from person to person; though they are habitually employed to alleviate stress, not all coping skills are helpful in the long term. Maladaptive coping skills reduce stress in ways that can ultimately impair, as opposed to aid, daily functioning. However, one must acknowledge that these (detrimental) means of adapting, such as drug or alcohol use, avoidance, social withdrawal, overexercising, or compulsive sex, are typically very effective short-term stress-relievers, which is why they tend to be so addictive- and while these activities regularly carry a negative stigma, their utilization in moderation can sometimes be beneficial and unproblematic. Despite the dichotomy between adaptive and maladaptive coping skills, they both share an identical origin: an effort to reduce the physiological and emotional intolerable feelings of stress (anxiety, anger, fear and the remaining list of “negative/intolerable” emotions).

Commonly, these uncomfortable emotions, such as anxiety, emanate from an unrealistic companionship with control. We want to erase the past or speed up the future. Cognitions are distorted by appraisals (how we interpret experiences) and fear of the unknown: what will happen? What do others think of me? Unfortunately, most of us are pretty talented at catastrophizing and thinking negatively. From an evolutionary standpoint, the anxiety-driven ability to replay events over and over in our head may have allowed us to learn from our mistakes, map the routes to obtain food or avoid predators, and, in general, may have facilitated consolidation of memories. The anxiety-driven mental faculty to envisage and anticipate the infinite possibilities of fate, on the other hand, may have advantageously led to the thorough preparation that increased our likelihood of survival. Yet, the hyperactivity of these facilities can cause us unwarranted concern and distress. In modern day terms, these inordinate dwellings on the past and future are called “rumination” and “worry.”

Though we cannot always control what happens to us, such as the external stressors our environment imposes on our lives, we can control how we respond.  Yet, acceding to this balance is not always easy. Some people, like myself, find it very difficult accept that ruminating about the past and worrying about the future may only cause additional tension, and most definitely will not change or fix the stressors that I’m currently facing. Alcoholics Anonymous, a popular self-help program and community that encourages recovering alcoholics to obtain and maintain sobriety, has adopted an insightful mantra, called the “Serenity Prayer”, which addresses this struggle to both take and relinquish control over the incessant myriad of life’s stressors. It reads: Grant me the serenity to accept the things I cannot change, the courage to change the things I can, and the wisdom to know the difference. If we can let go of uncontrollable worries, such as dreading finals that are three weeks away, or move on from that one time during a high school basketball game that we missed a free throw, we increase our chances of finding inner peace. If we can acquire the bravery to face our daunting obstacles, such as forgiving friends who wronged us, or generating the willingness to use a healthy coping skill instead of surrendering to the intense temptations of addiction, we augment our opportunities to foster relationships, fortify self-efficacy, and promote inner growth. Ultimately, if we keep an open mind and a readiness to learn from our own and others’ experiences, our apprehension can gradually evolve into astuteness.

So, how does one combat stress, or anxiety? How does one overcome the human instinct to suppress, avoid or eliminate these unsettling emotions? My best answer: there isn’t just one solution. Everyone is different, every situation is different; we are changing and the word is changing. Some factors can help reduce the risk of stress and illness (getting an adequate amount of sleep, maintaining proper hygiene, eating nutritious meals, exercising… you’ve heard it all before). As humans, our lives will always involve stressors. But when a stressful situation arises, and our anxiety or anger is approaching or at a ten out of ten, is there anything that will work for 100% of the time? My answer: yes. Fight evolution with evolution.

Cool tip: Try ice diving. Get a big bowl full of ice water and dip your face in, holding it under for 3-5 second intervals (For as many times until you feel better, or until you develop hypothermia. Just kidding.)

Ice diving works because mammals (like us) have what’s called the Diving Reflex. An advantageous evolutionary trait, the reflex allows humans to better endure life-threatening cold, such as falling through ice into freezing waters, by shutting down a number of physiological processes in order to conserve oxygen and energy (it decelerates the body by about 10-25%). In turn, the reaction slows the person’s heart rate and reduces blood pressure, meaning that a secondary effect of the body’s reflex response is a scientifically proven, physiological decrease in anxiety (and anger and other intense emotions!). Ice diving, cold showers, and ice packs allow us to manipulate our body, and, help us regulate those seemingly out-of-control, and unwanted, emotions.

http://dujs.dartmouth.edu/winter-2012/the-mammalian-diving-reflex#.VT57NIc78mw

Theresa Kosch

I was blown away by the research that has been done on yoga, meditation & mindfulness on the brain. I was aware of the physical gains and the calming affects produced by these practices. I was unaware of just how much these practices can change the actual structure of the brain. I went to a showing of a film called, Free the Mind, hosted by Dr. David Vago. The film was directed by Phie Ambo and the research was collected by Dr. Richard Davidson. Dr. Davidson is a neuroscientist who decided after meeting the Dalai Lama to focus his attention on mindfulness practices to aid in disorders such as ADHD, PTSD and depression. The film follows two Iraqi veterans with Post Traumatic Stress Disorder and one young child suffering from Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and a phobia of elevators. Dr. Davidson uses techniques such as yoga, meditation and breathing. Dr. Davidson also points out that people who perceive stress have a 43% increased risk of dying after 9 years. Dr. Davidson along with others, found that mindfulness, meditation, yoga and breathing trainings can have potential age defying affects and can change grey matter atrophy in your brain. According to the research, structures in a brain can actually grow because of these practices. The grey matter density in the hippocampus can increase, the hippocampus is what we use for learning and memory. Individuals have also been known to show a decrease in grey matter in the amygdala which plays a part in anxiety. Studies have shown that people who do yoga and meditation that their brains were aging slower than non-meditators. People’s moods have also been known to improve because these practices induce an expansion of myelin. By the end of the film the two Iraqi veterans showed positive results. One of the veterans who was taking Ambien for sleep and for his flashbacks from the war, no longer needed it after the experiment. The young child with ADHD seemed calmer and less fearful. At the end he was able to face his fear of the elevator and join the other children. These positive results were seen after only a couple of weeks. If people can do them on a regular basis the results will be even more astounding. All these practices are exercises for the brain that can improve their function. Just like positive results are seen from exercising, one can feel from these mindfulness practices. If you haven’t tried yoga, meditation or breathing exercises I suggest you start today!

Works Cited

Luders, E., Thompson, P. M., & Kurth, F. (2015). Larger hippocampal dimensions in meditation practitioners: differential effects in women and men. Frontiers in Psychology, 6, 186. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00186

Desbordes, G., Negi, L. T., Pace, T. W. W., Wallace, B. A., Raison, C. L., & Schwartz, E. L. (2012). Effects of mindful-attention and compassion meditation training on amygdala response to emotional stimuli in an ordinary, non-meditative state. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 6, 292. doi:10.3389/fnhum.2012.00292

Gard, T., Taquet, M., Dixit, R., Hölzel, B. K., de Montjoye, Y.-A., Brach, N., … Lazar, S. W. (2014). Fluid intelligence and brain functional organization in aging yoga and meditation practitioners. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience, 6, 76. doi:10.3389/fnagi.2014.00076

Posner, M. I., Tang, Y.-Y., & Lynch, G. (2014). Mechanisms of white matter change induced by meditation training. Frontiers in Psychology, 5, 1220. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01220

According to the World Health Organization, about 3.2 billion people, or half the world’s population, are at risk for malaria, which is directly linked to poverty. Countries with the highest poverty rates have also been shown to have the highest malaria infection rates. An estimated one percent of victims of malaria develop cerebral malaria (CM), which results in swelling and hemorrhaging in white matter in the corpus collosum and the subcortical rim leading to a thirty percent mortality rate. Of the seventy percent of patients that do survive, about ten to twenty percent have lasting physical and cognitive dysfunction.

Although CM still imposes a large threat to the world’s population, funding for research is largely nonexistent due to the fact that the wealthiest countries are no longer affected. Ideally human research experiments could be conducted, but developing countries rarely have the funds for MRI, MRS, and CT scans needed to properly trace and research the development of CM. It has also been found that peripheral blood information is incomplete and inconclusive and clinical trial networks are largely too time consuming and costly for developing countries.

With no efficient human research model, researchers have focused on the use of mice to study CM. Overall, the murine model is inexpensive and mice brains are relatively comparable to human brains in respect to physiological, parasitological, and immunological features. Most murine model CM papers end with a statement of relevance in regards to cerebral malaria in humans, or fail to differentiate murine CM from human CM.

Unfortunately, it was found that ninety-two percent of successful treatments found using the murine model failed in treatment of humans, because there exists major histopathological differences between human and mouse CM. Murine CM has little or no intracerebral sequestration of parasitized erythrocytes, while human CM has intense intracerebal sequestration. Murine CM has accumulation of leukocytes and platelets and inflammation in the brain, while human CM has neither. These two major differences show that cerebral malaria does not act the same in mice as it does in humans. Also, the treatments proposed in mice are given before the mice develop any symptoms, which is nearly impossible to do with humans.

The failure of the murine model to deliver any conclusive results should lead to the questioning of the effectiveness of it. However, several reasons contribute to the continuing use and validation of the murine model. First, many research institutions already have existing murine laboratory programs, making it an independent and self-sustaining discipline. It also uses genetically homogenous hosts and parasites, and provides high quality histopathology on all subjects. Lastly, it produces positive results, which appeal to a substantial lab based immunological audience.